h   ;  THE 


!i 


CONFEDERATE  STATES 


M 

a 

■  rr 


^ 


<nAi;'rr.i-n    \M)  PUBLISHED  BY  n    ''    ''^  ^i'^- 

\  Tr>K<Tn-T?r,,    ATTS8I8SIPPT. 


ALL  BOuKrjELLEES  IN  Tll^' 


THE 


CONFEDERATE  STATES 


miL'^ta 


AND 


1^) 


^^ 


ifjjosnori)  ot 


r  ^'\  jt  I  '^' 


:f^o:fil   xoos. 


■*»«»- 


C031PILED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY   H.   C.   CLAKKE, 

VICKSBURG,    MISSISSIPPI. 


^^  FOR  SALE  BY  ALL  BOOKSELLERS  IX  THE  CONFEDERACY.  -=S.a 


Eiitorod.  arconllng  to  act  of  Congress,  in  ilu'  your  isoi.  liv 

H..  C.  CLARKE, 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  I»ihtriot  Court  of  tho  Confoilcrate  SintoM  for  the  District  of 

MiHr>tsHippi. 


THE  FLOWERS  COLLECTION    ^^^ 


PREFACE. 


The  first  volume  of  the  Confederate  States  Almanac  is  introduced 
to  the  people  of  the  South.  The  work  is  designed  to  be  published 
yearly.  The  leading-  object  of  the  publication  is  to  make  it  the 
repository  of  the  largest  possible  amount  of  useful  information ; 
embracing  annual  statistics  from  all  States  in  the  Confederacy, 
showing  our  progress  in  population,  manufactures,  commerce,  wealth, 
and  all  the  elements  of  prosperity.  We  intend  to  be  able  to  make 
the  work  from  year  to  year  a  complete  manual  of  reference  and  general 
information. 

This  first  edition  of  the  Almanac  is  not  near  so  complete  as  the 
publisher  could  wish  From  the  short  time  in  which  the  work  was 
compiled,  and  the  impossibility  (owing  to  the  present  state  of  the 
country)  of  obtaining  the  exact  information,  much  valuable  matter 
intended  for  this  edition  was  left  out.  The  contents  of  this  volume 
have  been  gathered  from  authentic  sources,  and  compiled  with  great 
care. 

TuE  Compiler. 


■b\^\'^n 


CONTEiXTS. 


PAOI 

Taleudftr 5 

History  of  the  Formnlion  of  the  Confcdor.ito  States 17 

Gorernnicnt  of  the  Confederate  States 22 

ropulation.  Resources,  Dates  of  Secession,  etc.,  of  tlie  Confederate  States 

and  Territories 23 

ropulation  of  the  Confederate  States,  18G0 31 

Topulation  of  the  Southern  States  and  Territories,  not  yet  in  the  Con- 
federacy   01 

The  Oripin  of  Secession 32 

Pay  of  Volunteer  Officers  and  Private? 33 

State  Government  of  the  Confederate  States 34 

Confederate  States  Army 35 

Representation  and  Electoral  Vote  of  the  Confederate  States 36 

Constitution  of  the  Confederate  States 38 

^lessage  of  President  Davis r»2 

Cotton  and  its  Supply 70 

Cotton  Crop 72 

Supply  and  Consumption  of  Cotton  in  Europe  and  the  United  States 75 

Sugar  Crop  of  Louisiana  for  1800 7f) 

Kxtent  of  the  Tobacco  Interest 70 

Tlie  Tobacco  Trade  of  Virginia fiS 

llatcH  of  Postage  in  the  Confederate  Stales 86 

Diary  of  the  Present  Revolution 88 

The  Battle  of  Manasf-as 105 

AlTENUIX 115 


V      #   / 


jBBBittW 


KMiamiaamacM 


Ib't  Month 

» 

JANUARY, 

1862. 

NASIIVIIil.K. 

SUN      TC  N  T  K  K  S 

CIIARI.KS- 

. 

2 

Teiiii.,  JVorMi 

/b»«-»V 

TON,  .SoutU 

Carol  inn.   Vli- 

/^jiiv. 

C'iir«>lliin, 

o 

H 

^iiiin,  ]v(>ii- 

/0'^v   \\ 

G(M>ri(ia,  Aln- 

hJ 

^ 

;?; 

fitcky,  J>Iin- 

//fV^-iY  il^''l| 

l>aiii:t,Fioi-i(ta, 

h 

Uw 

sotii'i.  A  rkaii* 

.^  t&iS^'J^  L 

31  i.ssi.s.sippi, 

•Ji 

O 

O 

sns,  Ivniisns, 

A-^^SS^S^rl^S. 

Lioiilsinitn, 

•A 

Califoi-itia. 

20  d.  1  h.,  inc. 

Texns. 

O 

O 

rs 

W^ 

SUN 

SUN 

Ml  ION 

MISCIcr-LANKA. 

scf* 

SUN 

MOON 

RISKS. 

KISKV. 

SKTS. 

SKtS. 

II.    M. 

H.     M. 

II.    M. 

M.    M. 

H.  M. 

II.      M. 

s           3 

W 

1 

7  13 

4  55 

G  -Jl; 

Circumckion. 

7     4 

5     3 

6  35 

>^   24 

T 

O 

7  13 

4  55 

7  31 

7     4 

5     4 

7  3<; 

F 

3 

7  13 

4  5(i 

8  34 

Fort.  Pulaski  taken,  1801. 

7     5 

5     5 

8  37 

20 

S 

4 

7  13 

4  57 

It  34 

Fort  Morirau  taken,  18G1.| 

7     5 

5     0 

9  35 

X    -i 

S 

5 

7  13 

4  58 

10  32: 

M 

6 

7  13 

4  59 

11   33 

T 

'i 

7  13 

5     0 

luorn.i 

W 

si 

7  13 

5     0 

0  3() 

T 

9 

7  13 

5     1 

1   30  1 

F 

10 

7  13 

5     2 

2  20  1 

S 

11 

7  13 

5     3 

3    18:1 

Id  Sunday  afler  Christmas. \,7 
Epij)han;/.  j|7 

'^iis  First  Quarter,  [taken.  7 
v|i''Fts..Tohnson&Caswell'l7 
Mississippi  seceiled.  1801 
Ft.  Jackson, etc., taken, '01 
Ala.  and  Fla.  .seceded.  '01 


0 


o 
5 
5 
5 

5  10 
5  11 


6110  311 
7!  11  30 


17 

2'.) 


8;morn.  i'Y'  12 


9 


5'5  12 


0  301 

1  30  « 

2  19 
8     91 


24 

(; 
17 

29 


S 
M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 


S 
M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 


12:  i7 
IS;!? 
147 
15!f7 
10  17 

I'll'  ¥• 
18  7  n 


4 
6 
6 
7 

8 

n 

10 


4  I2i|l5i  Sun.  after  Epiphany. 

5  4  iPensacola  Navy  -  Van 
5  52  I  [taken,  1861, 
0  34,|,/;r^sFun  Moon. 

ri.ses.  '"  ^ 


7 

6 

5  13 

4     8| 

7 

5 

5  13 

4  55 

t 

4 

5  14 

5  44 

~ 

4 

5  15 

6  20 

4 

5  16 

rises. 

t 

4 

5  17 

7     7 

n 

4 

5  18 

8     6 

8in  11 


25 


a 


0 
18 

1 
14 


19ii7 

20  17 

21  i7 

22: 17 
2317 
24  7 

25;  |7 


0  II 
5  12 
o  13 
5  14 
5  15 
5  10 
5  17 


9     6]l2r/  Sun.  after  Epiphany. 

10  12/:Georgia  seceded,  ISoi. 

11  19||J.  C.  Breckinridgeb.,  1821 
morn. 

0  28  I /^  Last  Quarter. 


1  38 

2  45 


iConversion  of  St.  Paul. 


'1' 

3 

5  19 

9     6 

|i7 

3 

5  20 

10  10 

t 

3 

0  21 

11   15 

7 

2 

6  22 

morn. 

7 

2 

5  23 

0  22, 

u 

1 

5  23 

1  30 

u 

1 

0  24 

2  361 

njj  10 
24 

^     8 

)\l      0 

20 

/      ^ 


s 

20 

!7 

7 

5  18 

3  48; 

L 

M 

27 

:7 

6 

5  20 

4  47 

T 

28 

17 

6 

5  21 

h  40: 

W 

29 

7 

5 

5  22 

0  •:  • 

T 

30 

/ 

4 

5  23 

80 1 

F 

31 

7 

4 

5  24 

7    8, 

iN 

Louisiana  seceded,  1861. 


^'«'W  Moon. 

[House  taken,  61 
Mint  a 


0.  Mint  and  Custom- 


7     0 

5  25 

3  391 

7     0 

5  26 

4  38 

6  59 

5  27 

5  32 

n  59 

5  28 

0  15 

0  58 

5  29 

sets. 

6  57 

5  30 

7  10 

19 


>J 


MooH'j   rHJkKKS. 


3  First  Quar. 
O  ^''^ll  Moon. 
([^  La«J|  Qiiar. 
A  New  Moon. 


CHAKLUroN. 


H.       M. 

5     «)  cv. 
8  lOcv. 
1    15  mo. 
10  33  ev. 


NahHvim.k. 


4  39  ov. 
7  43  ev. 
0  48  mo. 
10     6ev. 

*  22d  day. 


N>W  OBLKANIt. 

H. 

M. 

4 

26 

PV. 

7 

30 

ev. 

0 

85  mo.  1 

0 

53 

ev.    1 

S.  FitAwrwco. 

H.      M. 

2  16  cv. 

5  20  cv. 

10  25 ev* 

7  43  ov. 


8uu  nb 
or  Ntx 


17 

1 

15 

-._.?»  i 

Jferi.tViiD  ' 
III  mark. 


17  12 
25  12 


3  51 

7  25 

10  24 

12  38 


2d  Month, 


Pl^BRUARY, 


UG2 


NASHVII.LK, 

SUN     ENTERS 

CHAUL.ES- 

-■    ■ 

Tenn.,  \or«  li 

i                      ^  ,.^aferw« 

'!'<)>.  Soutli 

b: 

ui 

(^ 

Cnrnllnn.  Vli-- 

m^s^ 

(lii-oliiia, 

<^ 

rr 

islitin,  K<  II- 

pm;as^> 

Ci«-<sr;;Sn,  Aln- 

h3 

i 

y 

,  iirk>  .  .'»lls- 

(^V^ooTt^^ 

ll>ninii.)-'l(>rifln, 

P< 

_ 

;^ 

NOiivl.   ArJtsMi- 

^B^jjgfciy 

I    Mi^^i.  >ipi>i, 

05 

- 

c 

^H^,    Kl«l)Mt>. 

1      Lioiiisinxia, 

K 

iH 

< 
1 

1      C'uliffM'uin. 

1 

IS  .1.  y  ii.,  cv. 

j           'IVxitti. 

o 

o 

*r>i       ntnt 
:  ;-K«.      urr*. 

MOOS 
IIKTC. 

MISCELIiANEA. 

1    HON 

PIN 
ItfTS. 

MOCfS 

SKTS. 

..    M.       If.   M.    1    H.       M. 

B.  M. 

U.   M. 

tl.        M. 

s.         ^ 

•^ 

h 

,7     8  5  25 

8  lOj 

JTexas  seceded,  1861. 

G  67 

5  ai 

8  VI 

X  1^ 

a  7  IjS 
4  7    0  5 

r>  ''.  59,5 
'  ',  .-,8  5 
7  <»  5715 
8,0  5715 


2H|   9  WW PurifiCi.ii ion  of  Vir.  Jfan/. 
27  10  10  i  '  [1801. 

JRev.    cutter   Cass    taken, 


28111     8 

29  j  morn. 

30  0  5 
ai  1  0 
32    1'65 


First  Quarter. 


'0 

50 

iG 

55 

'  0 

54 

6 

54 

ti 

53 

6 

52 

6 

51 

5  32!  9     9 

5  3ailO     7  <^ 

5  34|ll     3 

5  35111  59 

5  3()jriiorn. 

5  37    0  52 


5  38 I   1  47 


25 
20 
14 


n 


s 

OnO  56 1 5  33 

2  4S 

MjlOlO  55 i5  34 

3  38 

T 

11  6  54] 5  35 

4  23 

W 

12  6  53! 5  30 

5     3 

T 

13,6  51,5  38 

rises. 

V 

I4i  6  50  5  39 

5  48 

s 

15,6  4915  40 

6  54, 

\Fifth  Sun.  after  Epiphany. 


<nsFull  Moon. 


50  5  39 

2  391 

50  5  39 

3  30 ' 

49|5  4(' 

4  15, 

4815  41 

4  56 

47!  5  42 

rises 

46 15  43 

5  50 

4515  44 

6  54 

19 
1 

27 

9 

23 

7 


S  16  6  J8|5  41  [   8     0\\Sep(uagesima.                        16  44  5  451   7  591       21 

M  17  <;  17  5  421   9     7j|                      [IJelM..,  1797.!i6  43  5  46!   9  4 U=     5 

T  IS  <;  16  .'i  ^3  10  ir,|  Davis  inaug.,  1861.    John, '6  42  5  47  10  1 1 1       19 

W  !V  >;  loo  44  11  27'                                               6  4115  47111  21 IT^     3 


T    2<i  •'•  4^  5  45  morn.! 
V    21   6  42  5  4(;    0  37 

S  1 22. 16  41 15  47  i   1  42l 


'Last  Quart  or 


G  40  5  48{inorn.  j        17 
Ig  3915  49    0  29j/      1 


Washington  b..  1732.  ||G  38|5  50l  1  341       15 


S 
.M 
T 
W 
T 


23|:6  4015  48|   2  m\Srxa!/PHiin.i. 


6  395  48    3  31|!.<?/.  Mntthla.^. 
6  37  5  49I  4  17'|W.  rinkncy  dicl,  Is-Ji'. 
5  50 1  4  57' I 

)  30'  ^e- Mnrion  (lio<l,  1795. 
\('\v  Moon. 


24 


26||G  36 


6  36 

5  51 

2  31 

6  35 

5  52 

3  23 

6  34 

5  52 

4  10 

G  33 

5  53 

4  52 

6  31 

5  54 

5  27 

IG  80 

5  55 

.sets. 

MCMJ.N  a    IllXSl-^. 


Cujia.L-sio.1. 


^  First  Qunr.  i   6!   2  50  ov, 

O  F'llI  Moon.  114  11  4(hnn. 

C   1-vsi  Qiiiir.  !21  '   9  10  mo. 

O  New  Moon.  128  11  44  nio. 


NiiSHVIIXK. 

II. 

M. 

1 

0 

23 

ev.    1 

11 

13 

uio. 

8 

43 

nio. 

11 

17 

mo. 

Xkm 

Ori.rank. 

H. 

II. 

'> 

10  ev. 

11 

0  mo. 

8 

30  mo. 

11 

4  mo. 

S.  FBANCIbCO. 
H.      M. 

12  On'n. 
8  50  mo. 
(■)  20  mo. 
8  54  mo. 


Run  nil 
or  Noi 


29 

27 
CJJ  11 

24 

.^(eridian 
III  iiinrk. 


II. 
12 
12 
12 

i2 


1 3  53 

14  29 
14  17 
13  18 


Re.\son  and  cxporience  both  forbid  u.s  to  expect  that  national  moralitj-  can  prevail 
in  exclusion  of  religious  principles.— George  W.\shington. 


•>t 


3d  Month, 


1B62. 


H  I 


TeJiii.,  NortU  i| 

Carolina,  Vii'-'| 
^iiiin.,  Iv<*iii-  li 
tncky,  Mis-  |! 
soiii'i,  ArIiaTii-i| 
sas,  K.a.ii.sas,  | 
Caliloiisia. 


SUN     ENTERS 


20  d.  3  h.,  ev, 


SUN 
KISES. 


H.    M. 

lilG  32 


SKTS. 


H.    M. 

5  53 


MOON 
SKTS. 


G  58 


MISCELLANEA. 


charl.es- 

TOiV,  Sonili 
Caroliiia, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Florida. 
Mississippi, 
licfiiisiaiia, 
Texas. 


SUN 
RISES. 

H.    M. 

G  29 

SUN 
sr.:T.«. 

U.    M. 

5  5G 

MOON 
SKTS. 


G  5^ 


X  2>) 


s 
u 

T 
i  W 

i  T 

!f 
;  s 


2  6  31 
SJJ  29 
4::g  28 
5:;g  2G 

6hG  25 
TiIg  24 
8l!6  22 


54 
55 
5G 

57 
58 
59 
59 


7  67\\Qumrjuaffc8i»ia.     S.  IIous- 

8  5g||  [ton  b.,  1793, 

9  54\\Shrove  Tucedaji. 

10  51i,LlLfA  Wednesday. 

11  47|jD.  Crockett  died,  1830. 

0  41  i  I  vjf  First  Quarter. 


6  28 

5  56 

7  56 

G  27 

5  57 

8  56 

6  26 

5  58 

9  5(1 

6  25 

5  59 

10  43 

G  23 

G     0 

11  39 

6  22 

6     0 

morn. 

16  21 

6     1 

0  32 

T 


« 


15 

28 
10 
22 

o 
O 

15 


l«i 

9 

jG  21 

G 

0 

1  32r 

INI 

10 

6  19 

G 

1 

2  181 

T 

11 

16  18 

6 

2 

3     0 

W 

12|i6  17 

6 

3 

3  39 

T 

13iiG  15 

6 

4 

4  15 

F 

14 

6  14 

6 

5 

4  48 

S 

15 

6  12 

G 

G 

5  18 

Is;;  Smidai;  in  Lent. 

\IcDuffic  died,  1851. 
Fort  Brown  taken,  18G1. 

r<r^.  [born,  1767. 

V^yFull  Moon.     Jackson 


G  20 

6 

2 

1  23 

G  18 

G 

3 

2  10 

;G  17 

6 

o 
O 

2  53 

16  16 

6 

4 

3  33 

6  14 

6 

5 

4  11 

6  13 

6 

6 

4  46 

6  12 

6 

6 

5  18 

gz  10 

22 
^  ^4 

18 
n^     1 

15 


M 
T 
W 
T 

;f 
is 


16!|6 

17  6 
ISJlG 
19' 


22i6     2 


rises. 

8  71 

9  19| 

10  30| 

11  38 
morn. 

0  42! 


2d  Sun.  in  Lent.    Madison 
[b.,  1751. 
Calhoun  born,  1782. 
Jas.  Jackson  died,  1S06. 

■^ 

VVi^Last  Quarter. 


6  11 

6     7 

rises. 

^     0 

6     9 

G     8 

8     2 

14 

16     8 

6     9 

9  13 

29 

16     7 

6     9 

10  22 

ni,  14 

G     5 

G  10 

11  30 

28 

6     4 

6  11 

morn. 

/    12 

6     3 

6  11 

0  33 

26 

!  S  |23j|6  1 

i  Mi24i5  59 

T    25  |o  58 

i  W  26i!5  56 

o-li-  r- 

2<:]-.)  0-) 

28|[5  53 

29l!5  52 


T 
F 

1  S 


12 
13 
14 
15 
16 
17 
17 


381 
24 

3' 
38| 

9| 
38' 

6 


'id  Sunday  in  Lent. 
Annun.  of  Virgin  Mary. 


j6     1 

6  12 

1  30 

6     0 

6  13 

2  17 

5  59 

6  14 

2  58 

5  67 

6  14 

3  34 

5  56 

6  15 

4     7 

5  55 

6  16 

4  38 

5  54 

G  16 

5     7 

V?  10 
24 

wv          I 

21 

K     4 

16 

29 


s 

30(1) 
311  5 

51  G 

18 

se 

ts. 

M 

49  6 

19 

7 

54 

ipll^  New  Moon.  4tk  Sun.  in\  jS 
l|!l'l'Calhound.,'50.  [Lewit.lls 


5316  17 
5ll6  18 


sets. 
7  48 


^  11 
24 


moon's  phases. 

CHAni-KSTON. 

Nasiivu-le. 

Nkw  Okleanr. 

S.  Fkancisco. 

Sun  ou  .Meridian 
or  Noon  mark. 

i>. 

II.      M. 

11.      M. 

H.      M. 

11.      M. 

i>. 

M.       M.      8. 

D  First  Quar. 

8 

0  1 1  ev. 

1 1  44  mo. 

11  31  mo. 

9  2 1  mo. 

1 

12  12  35 

O  Full  Moon. 

15  11   16  ev. 

10  49  ev. 

10  36  ev. 

8  26  mo. 

9 

12  10  44 

(T  Last  Quar. 

22    4  34  ev. 

4     7  mo. 

3  54  ev. 

1  44  ev. 

17 

12    832 

©  New  Moon. 

30    5  41  ev. 

2  14  mo. 

2     1  mo. 

11  51  ev.* 

25 

12    6    7 

*20th  day, 


4tli  Month,                APEIL,                          1862.   j 

XASHVIT.I.K.               KIN     KSTKF«              |    ClIAKt.KS- 
3       T«iM»..  \o,ili                              _                               II     TO\.  ^imlli 

1 

w      i 

u 

H     (  nrolUta.    \  ti-                       ^ fw^^                                   Ciiiolliin, 

o        1 

'<:        Kliil.-^.  Kmi-                             ').'  'A'V                        <;«  (•!»;•».  Aln- 

t 

—         tlli-k\.   .'>I1«>»                            ' '-     *^"sJ  ^y                       buinn.  h  lorUla, 

^      I 

•  oiiil.    \i  knit-                       vs.'Vv^^^                          >IUsUsi,,p|, 

00 

^ 

I  •llforula.                  20  «l.  3  h.,  mo.               i           Texas. 

O         1 

< 

5                                       1                                  ♦ 

. 

S      1 

O 

.,v        ..*        unM    1                 MI8CKU.AKKA. 

■on 
•■ta. 

MOOW 

»rr». 

1 

""~ 

...V     Ij 

II.   M. 

H.  M. 

H.      M. 

«.        o      , 

T 

1                 :.•(.    H  50                                                  5  4^»r.  18 

8  43 

«     6 

W 

jT  •«  40  .IcffiM-son  l)nrn.  1743.            ,5  4H  r.  10 

0  38 

18: 

T 

:'                 J2  10  40, 

6  47  6  20 

10  32 

n   0 

F 

4    1    •■■  -.  J-'5  11   32, 

5  46  0  21 

11  23 

Hi 

8 

0  '5  42|0  23  morii.l 

5  44|6  21 

morn. 

23  1 

S  1  r.  5  41  C  24 1  0  20  5//i  Sundaj/ in  Lent.              \]b  48 

6  22    0  11 

25     51 

M 

7  5  30  n  25 

1     3   ^c,  FirM  Quarter.              nG  42 

6  23 

0  55 

17; 

T 

H  5  :<«  fl  2(\ 

1   41^^                                        1 

15  40  0  23 

1   35 

a  0, 

W 

•J7    2  If, 

|5  89  6  24 

2  11 

12 

T 

1(»             .  JS,  2  4'.t 

6  88|6  25 

2  46 

20 

F 

n  5  34  <i  28|  8  22  I             \lr\.  Sumter.  IBr.l.  ,5  87!G  25 

3  21 

nj!   9, 

8  112,5  82i6  2«|  8  o4  II.  Clay  b.,  1777.     IJat.  ol*  .5  35|G  2<) 

3  54 

23! 

S    13  .'»  ni]6  80|  4  26  Palm  Sundap,                       \]b  Si\t  27 1 

4  28 

=0:       81 

M 

14  5  20  0  3lIriscM.   /^~.Fnll  Moon.                   'ift  8316  28 

rises. 

— '  1 

T 

15  5  28  6  82 

8    21        'r:) 

Ft.  lUiss  tukon,  1801.16  826  28 

8  14 

nt    7 

W 

10  5  27  6  83 

0  35  S.C.fes.&arHMi«Ucn.l801..'5  81  |G  20 

0  27 

22 

T 

17.5  25:6  83 

10  41   Vircinift  sccodcd,  IbOl.      1  6  20,0  30 

10  82 

/   "7 

F 

18  5  24 'O  34  11  38  iio„d  Frid.nj.                       ;;5  28|6  30 

11  29 

22 

8 

1015  28l6  35  morn. 1, Baltimore  massncrc.  1801.1 16  27|6  81 

morn. 

KT  "ej 

H 

2(»;5  22  0  80|   0  27   Knulrr.    Ilur.  Fy..^  Sorf-lk    '    '    "'1\ 

0  10 

20  1 

M 

21  5  20,0  87 

1     '.t  /;;,pLtistt»Mi:ir- [I'VHC,  til                  -- 

1      3 

AM.           .1 

T 

22  '5  10  0  38 

1   41 

18 

W 

23  5  18  0  30 

1»   IH                                                    5  23  0  34 

2  It) 

K    1 

T 

24  5  17  6  30 

2  48  1                                                   •')  21  0  35 

2  47 

14 

F 

25  5  IGiO  40 

8  10,5/.  Mark.                             i5  20,0  3r, 
3  44  1                                            lio  10!0  30 

8  10 

26 

8 

201.5  14 i6  41 

3  40 

T    8i 

1 

S^ 

i2T                                      Siitidm/  after  Kitster. 

5  18 

0  37 

4  10 

21 

M  T-S    »   1-  ■»   ••■   -'I-         .   ''-'■^v  .Moon. 

6  17 

0  88 

sets. 

8     3 

T    2'.»  5  lllfi  44l  7  4«                                                .|6  Hi 

6  88 

7  38 

15 

w  :;n  r,  i-  ^    •-     ■■    r                                               '^-^   "  -  -'• 

8  85 

26! 

>i.„,«,,  1',,.,,, 

Sun  on  Meridian    1 
or  Noou  mark.      1 

p.           M.      M. 

M.     M. 

N.     M. 

H.     M. 

r>. 

II.      M.       S. 

j)  First  Qimi-.    7    0  41  cv. 

0  14  mo. 

6     1  mo. 

8  51  mo. 

1 

12    3  57 

O  K»n  Mnon.  14  10     8  mo. 
([   Last  (,Minr.    21     0  51  mo. 

0  30  mo. 

9  23  mo. 

7  13  mo. 

0 

12    1  87 

0  24  mo. 

0  11  mo. 

10     Icv.^ 

17 

1 1  50  32 

©New  Moon.  ;28    6     7  cv. 

5  40  cv. 

5  27  ev. 

3  17  ev. 

25 

11  57  52 

•  20ih  day.                                                              1 

tia8!!aMtia«Wfi8tg«ja'aaiaatmatgaagrs!iyjLgitiij*!^je^^ 


5th  Month, 

MAY, 

1862. 

NASHVILLE, 

SUN     ENTERS 

CHARLES- 

--* 

Teuii.,  Nortli 

xft» 

TON,  Soum 

M 

H 

Carolina,  Vir- 

J^^^^ 

Carolina, 

r. 

ginia,  K;<en- 

^^^^ 

Georg^ia,  Ala- 

is 

rt 

tucky.  Mis- 

bania, Florida. 

pH 

b 

souri,  Arlcnn- 

^v^^^mS*- 

Mi8.si8si{)|ii, 

tn 

O 

sns,  Kansas, 

«-.*,  ■  fTP^Si. 

Lionfslnna, 

^ 

< 

'California. 

21  d.  3  h.,  mo. 

Texa«. 

O 

o 

tH 

— 

SUN 
KIRKR. 

StTN 
SKTS. 

MOON 
SKTS. 

MISCELLANEA. 

KUJt 
RISES. 

«.    M. 

SFTS. 

MOON 
SKTS. 

n.  M. 

n.  M. 

M.        M. 

H.    M. 

«■.        M. 

R.           O 

T 

1 

5    9 

6  45 

9  35 

Sts.  Philip  and  James. 

5  14 

6  40 

9  2f; 

n    8 

F 

2 

5    7 

(3  46 

10  22 

5  13 

6  41 

10  13 

20 

S 

3 

5     6 

G  47 

11     0 

5  12 

6  41 

10  58 

05     2 

8 

4; 

5     5 

6  48 

11  4Gj 

M 

5 

5     4 

6  49 

morn. 

T 

6 

5     3 

6  50 

0  22 

W 

7 

5     2 

6  50 

0  55 

T 

8 

5     1 

G  51 

1  25 

F 

9 

5    0 

G  52 

1  57 

S 

10 

4  59 

6  53 

2  30 

2d  Sunday  after  Easter. 
IjK  [and  Ark.  sec,  18G1. 
p  First  Quarter.    Tenn. 


BlocMe  of  Va.  begun,  '61, 
St.  Louis  massacre,  1861. 


5  11 

6  42 

11  39 

5  10 

6  43 

morn. 

5     9 

6  43 

0  16 

5     9 

6  44 

0  51 

5     8 

6  45 

1  23 

5    7 

6  46 

1  57 

5     6 

6  46 

2  32 

14 

26 

21 
19 


s 

111 

4  59 

6  54 

3     3 

M 

12i 

4  58 

6  55 

3  36 

T 

?3i 

4  57 

6  55 

rises. 

W 

14 

4  56 

6  56 

8  24 

T 

15 

4  55 

6  57 

9  26 

F 

16 

4  54 

6  58 

10  21 

.3 

17 

4  54 

6  59 

11     9 

3c?  Sun.  ajter Easter.  Block- 
[adeofCharlest'n,  1861. 
j-^^FuIl  Moon. 


5     5 

6  47 

3     7 

5     5 

6  48 

3  42 

5     4 

6  48 

rises 

5     3 

6  49 

8  15 

5    2 

6  50 

9  17 

|5    2 

6  51 

10  13 

15     1 

6  51 

11     3 

16 
1 

16 
2 

16 

1 

15 


s 

18 

4  53 

7 

0 

11  4911 

M 

19 

4  52 

7 

0 

morn.  1 

T 

20  |4  51 

7 

1 

0  23 

W 

21 

4  51 

7 

2 

0  53 

T 

22 

4  50 

7 

3 

1  21 

F 

23  !4  50 

7 

3 

1  49 

S 

24! 

l4  49 

7 

4 

2  17 

Ml  Simday  after  Easter. 
/^^  [seceded,  1861, 

^Vi^Last  Quarter.     N.  C. 


J  [Federals,  1861. 

Alexandria    occupied    by 


15     0 

6  52 

11  44 

!5    0 

6  53 

morn. 

j  4  59 

6  53 

0  20 

4  59 

6  54 

0  52 

4  58 

6  55 

1  21 

4  58 

6  55 

1  51 

4  57 

6  56 

2  20 

cj?   o: 

14 
27 


r 


17 


s 

25 

4  48 

7 

5 

2  47 

M 

26 

4  48 

7 

6 

3  20 

T 

27 

4  47 

7 

6 

3  56 

W 

2HI4  47 

7 

7 

sets. 

T 

29;  |4  47 

7 

8 

8  22 

F 

30  |4  46 

7 

8 

9     5] 

S 

31 

4  46 

7 

9 

9  44! 

hth  Su7\day  after  Easter. 

[1861. 
N.  0.  &  Mobile  blockaded, 

.,'!£!E\"N'ew  Moon. 


8  22.  \^^  Ascension  Day. 

[1861. 
Bat  tie  a4.  Fairfax  C.  H.,Va., 


4  56 

6  57 

2  52 

4  56 

6  57 

3  26 

4  56 

6  58 

4     4 

4  55 

6  59 

sets. 

4  55 

6  59 

8  13 

4  55 

7    0 

8  57 

4  54 

7    0 

9  37 

29 

«    11 
23 

n   5 

17 

29 
05  11 


MooK^  rRAsn. 

CHitOLBSrON. 

KASBrnxB. 

Nkw  Orlbans 

S.  Francisco. 

Sonon  Meridian 
«r  Noon  mark. 

n. 

K.      M. 

K.      M. 

n,    M. 

a.    M. 

D. 

H.       M.      R.        1 

3)  First  Qnar, 

6 

10     3  CT. 

9  36  ev. 

9  23  ev. 

7  13  ev. 

1 

11  56  57  i 

0  F"^'  Moon. 

13    5  39  ev. 

5  12  ev. 

4  59  cv. 

2  49  ev. 

9 

11  56  13  ! 

({^   Lasf  Quar. 

20  10  20  mo. 

9  53  mo. 

9  40  mo. 

7  30  mo. 

17 

]  1  56    7  1 

^  New  Moon, 

28  11   13  mo. 

10  46  mo. 

10  33  mo. 

8  23  mo. 

25 

n  56  36  1 

6tli  Month, 


JUNE, 


1862. 


M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 


NASHVlI^liK, 

Teiiii..  Nort  U 
Cnrnliiin,   Vir- 
ginia, Ivcii* 
tiicky,  .Mis- 
souri, Arkan- 
sas, Ivaiisas; 
California. 


SUN      ENTERS 


RfSKR. 


45 
45 
44 
44 
44 
44 
44  7 


MOON 


h/|10  19 

10  10  49i 

11  11  151 

12  11  43- 
12  morn. 

0  18' 

0  54' 


13 
13 


21  d.  12  h. 


MISCELLANEA. 


CHARLES- 
TON, Sontlx 
Caroliitn, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Florida, 
Mississippi, 
LiOiiisiana, 
Texas. 


SON 
KISKn. 


Battle  of  Aquia  Creek  be- 

[gun,  18G1. 

Jeff.  Davis b.,  1808.  Bat.  at 

[Phillippa,  W.  Va.,'61. 

^$,x  First  Q.    Bat.  at  Pig's 

^iJPat.Henry      [Pt./61, 

[d.,  1799. 


4  53 


9UN      I      MOON 
9KTS.    ]      SKTS. 


10  13 

10  44 

11  12 
11  42 
morn. 

0  19 
0  57 


23 
6 
18 
0 
13 
27 
10 


s 

8|4  44 

7  14 

1  29] 

M 

9  4  44 

7  14 

2     6l 

T 

10  4  43 

7  15 

2  52' 

W 

11  [4  43 

7  15 

3  49 

T 

12!  4  43 

7  16 

rises. 

F 

13  4  43 

7  10 

8  55 

S 

14  4  43 

7  16 

9  38 

Whit-Sunday.   Jackson  d., 
[1845. 
Bat.  of  Great  Bethel,  '61. 
Si.  Barnabas. 
Gov.  Jackson, of  Mo.,  issues 
[his  proclamation,  '61. 


1  331  25 

2  12hi\,  10 

2  59  -  25 

3  58  /  10 

rises.  25 

8  48JVJ  9 

9  33  23 


s 

15[;4  43 

7  17 

10  161 

I\I 

16!  14  43 

7  17 

10  50 

T 

\7\k  44 

7  17 

11  21 

W 

18  4  44 

7  18 

11  49 

T 

19  4  44 

7  18 

morn. 

F 

20'  4  44 

7  18 

0  15 

S 

2i;l4  44 

7  19 

0  43 

Trinitj/  Sun.    Polk  d.,  '51 
Battle  at  Vienna,  1861. 

/^^  Last  Quarter. 
Ui^R.  II.  Leed.,  18G1. 
U.  S.  Legarc  d.,  1843. 


4  53 
4  53 
4  53 
4  53 
4  53 


10  12 

10  48 

11  21 
11  50 
morn. 

0  18 
0  47 


X  6 
19 

<Y*  2 
15 
26 


S  1122 

|4  44 

7  19 

1  15i 

M!23 

14  45 

7  19 

1  50 

T  ||24 

14  45 

7  19 

2  30 

W  i25 

|4  45 

7  19 

3  15 

T   !26 

[4  46 

7  19 

4    8 

F   j27 

■4  46 

7  19 

sets. 

S    !28 

i4  46 

7  19 

8  14 

\st  Sunday  afler  Trinity. 
Nativity  of  St.  John  Baptist. 

.(^ifc')  New  Moon. 


i.m 


Madison  d.,  1836. 


4  54 

7     9 

1  21 

4  54 

7  10 

1  57 

4  54 

7  10 

2  38 

4  54 

7  10 

3  28 

4  55 

7  10 

4  17 

4  55 

7  10 

sets. 

4  55 

7  10 

8    7 

«     8 
21 

n    2 

15 

27 

S     8 

20 


S  i29ii4  47 
Ml 30!  14  47 


7  19| 
7  19i 


8  50il 

9  22 


St.  Peter.    Clay  d.,  1852. 


56 
56 


8  45 

9  19 


SI     2 
15 


Moon's  Phasbs. 


3)  First  Quar. 
O  Full  Moon. 
([  Last  Quar. 
#  New  Moon. 


Charlehton. 


9  22  mo. 

0  57  mo. 
9  47  ev. 

1  34  mo. 


b  'ob  mo. 

0  30  mo. 
9  20  ev, 

1  7  mo. 


New  Orlkans. 

H. 

M. 

8 

42  mo. 

0 

17  mo. 

9 

7  ev. 

0 

54  mo. 

S.  Francisco. 


6  32  mo. 
10     7ev.^- 

6  57  ev. 
10  44  ev.f 


Sun  on  Meridian 
or  Noon  mark. 


11  57  27 

11  58  50 

12  029 
12    2  12 


*  nth  day. 


t  2Gth  day. 


nil  Month, 


JULY, 


T 
W 
T 
F 

S 


Teiiii..  JVor<  (t 
C'ai-oliitn,  A'ir- 

Muhy,  flli!<- 
sniiii,  A  c-k:iik~ 

California. 


S  II  X      E  N  '1'  10  7!  S 


SUN 
RISI..M, 


MOON 
NKT«. 


4  47|7  19    9  5] 

4  4817  19  10  20 

4  4817   19ll0  50 

4  49|7   IDlll  22 

4  49  7  19  II  58 


22  a.  11  h.,  ev. 


Ml  so  KM,  am:  A. 


['20.    :Monroed.,'3]. 
[ence.    Jefferson  d., 

fJiK  First  Q.       liidepeud 


^ 


v^J' 


CIIART.ES- 

TON,  SouJli 

Cai'oliitn, 

Georgia,  Ala- 

l>aiiia.l<'iorl<la, 

Mis!!iBssip]»i, 

Lioiiisiaiia, 

Texas. 


UISKS. 


H.    M. 

4  57 


SUN 

MOON 

StiTS. 

SKTS. 

II.  M. 

II.      M. 

7  10 

9  50 

7  10 

10  20 

7  10 

10  52 

7  10 

11  20 

7  10 

inorn. 

S 

6i 

4  50 

7  19 

morn.ji 

M 

7 

4  50 

7  19 

0  40  1 

T 

8 

4  51 

7  18 

1  29 

W 

9 

4  52 

7  18 

2  27 

T 

10 

4  52 

7  18 

3  39 

F 

111 

4  53 

7  17 

rises. 

S 

12 

4  53 

7  17 

7  41 

\od  Sun.   after  Trinity.     J. 
[Marshall  d.,' 1835. 

Z.  Taylor  died,  1850. 

,':^,Full  Moon. 


!4  59 

4  59 

5  0 


0     3 

0  47 

1  37 

2  36 

3  48 
rises. 

7  38 


SI  27 
n^  10 

23 
d^     7 

20 

111     5 

19 

/     4 

18 

18 


s 

131 

14  54 

7  17 

8  34  , 

i\I 

14 

14  55 

7  16 

9  14 

T 

15 

14  55 

7  16 

9  44 

W 

10 

4  56 

7  15 

10  12 

T 

17 

4  57 

7  15 

10  42 

F 

18 

!4  57 

7  14 

11  13 

S 

19 

l4  58 

7  14 

11  47ii 

Atk  Sunday  after  Trinity. 


.'^ Last  Quarter.     Battle 
^•^     [at  Bull  Ihin,  1861. 


|5     2 

7     8 

8  32 

5     3 

7     8 

9  13 

5     4 

9  Ah 

5     4 

7     7 

10  15 

5     5 

7     7 

10  A{j 

5     5 

7     6 

11   19 

5     6 

7     6 

11  54 

X 


17 

0 

14 


^  11 

23 

8     5 


20 

4  59 

7  13 

morn. 

21 

4  59 

7  13 

0  25 

22 

5     0 

7  12 

1     7 

23 

5     1 

7  11 

1  56 

24 

5     2 

7  11 

2  50 

25 

5    2 

7  10 

3  49 

26 

5     3 

7     9 

sets. 

\bth  Sunday  after  Trinity. 
Battle  of  Manass.as,  '61. 


t^  St.  James. 


||il!i  New  Moon. 


5    7 

7 

5 

morn. 

5     7 

7 

5 

0  33 

5     8 

7 

4 

1  15 

5     9 

7 

4 

2     5 

5     9 

7 

3 

2  69 

5  10 

7 

2 

3  57 

5  11 

7 

2 

sets. 

17 

29 

n  11 

23 
93     5 
17 
29 


s 

27 

5 

4 

7     8 

7  21 

M 

28 

5 

5 

7     8 

7  55 

T 

29 

5 

0 

7     6 

8  25 

^V 

30 

5 

6 

7     6 

8  53 

T 

31 

5 

7 

7     5 

9  231 

21|j6^/t  Sunday  after  Trinity. 


5  11 

7     1 

7  17 

5  12 

7     0 

7  53 

5  13 

7    0 

8  2J 

5  13 

6  59 

8  51 

5  14 

6  58 

9  26 

SI  11 
24 

ttJJ  7 
20 

-i=     4 


Moon's  Phasks. 

Chaei.kston. 

Nashviixk. 

Nkw  Oklbans. 

S.  Francisco. 

Sun  on  .MeridiuD 
or  Noou  mark. 

D. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.       M. 

p. 

H.      M.        S. 

3  First  Qnar. 

4 

5  29  ev. 

5     2  ev. 

4  4i)  ev. 

2  39  cv. 

1 

12    326 

O  F"ll  1^1  oon. 

11 

8  19  mo. 

7  52  mo. 

7  39  mo. 

5  29  mo. 

9 

12    4  49 

C  Last  Quar. 

18 

11  57  mo. 

11  30  mo. 

11   17  mo. 

9     7  mo. 

17 

12    547 

®  New  Moon. 

26 

3  63  ev. 

3  20  ev. 

3  13  ev. 

1     3ev. 

25 

12    6  11 

P-? 


emmKiaflm.Aa 


Sth  Month, 


niimmmwigB— ■daa 


AUGUST, 


NASHVIT.I.K. 

S  (I  N      K  N  T  K  W  S 

charl.es- 

-4 

1  Tchh.,  Aort  1» 

^ 

TON,  8oiitli 

i^ 

c- 

Cnroliiia,  Vir- 

C'      ^£ 

Carolina, 

o 

/. 

1     ^inia,  lien-    ' 

«).*^i*iQj^P 

Georgia,  Ala- 

*A 

J: 

1     tucUy,  31  ix- 

^>l/'-;~/J^^_ 

bam  a.  Florid  a, 

f^ 

>< 

1  soiii'i.  Aikaii- 

r^i.i.^"^^-«t. 

Mississippi, 

CO 

c 

c 

gas,  l^aiisns, 

*■"          '  '^^^^ 

Louisiana, 

?; 

< 

< 

California. 

23  d.  5  h.,  mo. 

IVxas. 

o 

BUN 

RUN 

MOON 

MISCKLLANKA. 

.SUN 

SUN 

.M>"'N 

— 

RISES. 

SKTS. 

SKTS. 

11.      M. 

II.    M. 

H.    M. 

H.    M. 

II.    M. 

H.  M. 

s.         ° 

F 

1 

5         8 

7     4 

9  5G 

v^l?  First  Quarter. 

5  15 

6  57 

10     1 

-.  17 

S 

2 

j5          9 

7     3 

10  34 

5  15 

6  57 

10  41j 

ni     1 

3115     9 

7     2 

11  19 

4  5  10 

7     1 

morn. 

6  5  11 

7    0 

0  15! 

6  5  12 

6  59 

1  15 

7!  5  12 

6  58 

2  21 

8; 

5  13 

0  57 

3  34 

91 

5  14 

0  56 

I'ises.j 

lih  Sunday  after  Trinity. 


^  yFuU  Moon. 


5  10 

6  50 

11  27 

5  17 

6  55 

morn. 

5  17 

0  54 

0  24 

5  18 

0  53 

1  24 

5  19 

0  52 

2  29 

5  19 

6  51 

3  41 

5  20 

6  50 

rises. 

15 

29 
/   13 

28 
V5  12 

20 


I  M 
!  T 
i  W 

iT 

i  F 
S 


U)i|5  15 
ni:5  10 
12  ,8  17 
18  5  17 


10  !5  20 


6  55 

7  12; 

G  54 

7  43 

0  53 

8  13 

6  52 

8  43! 

0  51 

9  13 

0  49 

9  45 

0  48 

10  22 

^th  Sun.  after  Trinity.  Bat. 
[ofOakHill,  Mo'.,180l. 


|5  21 

6  49 

7  10 

Is  22 

0  48 

7  43 

5  22 

6  47 

8  15 

5  23 

0  40 

8  40 

5  24 

0  45 

9  18 

5  24 

0  44 

9  51 

5  25 

6  43 

10  30 

25 
9 

22 
5 

19 
1 

13 


s 

17 

l5  21 

6  47 

11     5| 

M 

18  15  21 

G  40 

11  53! 

T 

19 

j5  22 

6  45 

morn. 

VV 

20 

5  23 

G  43 

0  45 

T 

21 

|5  24 

0  42 

1  41 

F 

22 

5  25 

G  41 

2  41 

s 

23 

5  25 

G  39 

3  42 

/^^Last  Quar.     9/A  Sun. 
vVi^  \after  Trinity. 


6  42 
0  41 
0  40 
0  39 

0  38 
G  30 
0  35 


11  131 

12   2n 

morn. 

0  54  05 

1  49 

2  48 

3  47  St 


25 

7 
19 

1 
13 

25 

7 


s 

24 

5  20 

0  38 

4  43 

M 

2.") 

5  27 

6  37 

sets. 

T 

2(i 

5-28 

6  35 

0  59 

W 

27 

!5  29 

6  34 

7  30 

T 

28ll5  29 

G  33 

8     4 

F 

29  :5  30 

0  31 

8  42 

S 

30 

|5  31 

6  30 

9  25 

•l^l^/S'^.  Bartholomew. 
'Ii# New  Moon. 

J.  Laurens  died,  1782. 


5  30 

0  34 

4  47 

5  31 

0  33 

sets. 

5  32 

0  32 

7     0 

5  32 

0  30 

7  33 

5  33 

0  29 

8     8 

5  34 

0  28 

8  48 

5  34 

0  27 

9  33 

20 

11^     3 

17 

.A,  0 

14 

28 

ni  11 


S  131115  32  6  29  10  15)llliA  Sunday  after  Trinity.  1|5  35:0  25|10  23|       20 

Suti  on  Meridian 
or  Noon  mark. 


Moon's  I'harks. 

Chahi.kston. 

Nashvili.k. 

n. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

3)  First  Quar. 

2 

11  33  ev. 

11     Gov. 

O  Full  ]\Ioon. 

9 

4  33  ev. 

4     Oev. 

([  Last  Quar. 

17 

4  27  mo. 

4     Omo. 

%  New  Moon. 

25 

4  17  mo. 

3  50  mo. 

Nkw  Orleans. 

H. 

li) 

3 

M. 

53  ev, 
53  ev. 

3 

47  mo. 

3 

37  mo. 

S.  Francisco. 


8  43  ev. 
1  43  ev. 
1  37  mo. 
1  27  mo. 


12 
12 
12 
12 


0  2 
5  16 
3  53 

1  50 


BBBBUtcaonca 


|IIIHr»'inrr»:T  -"-■■-"■"»»««j«»«'JJi»"-iuii»'J«jii«i.j».jiijiiji. --J~pfr»fj«r'i  ■».i.»Bjii'««iirf«»T«»«».L  mi.iii 


■  ■■iniiiinma«u» 


9tli  Month, 


SEPTEMBER, 


1862. 


Carolina,   Vir- 
^iiiin,  ICeii- 
tucky,  31is- 
soiiri,  Arkan- 
sas, I^au.sas, 
California. 


SUN     ENTERS 


SUN 
KISKS. 


5  33 

5  33 

5  34 

5  35 

5  i5  3(j 

6il5  37 


II.    M. 

6  27 
G  2G 
G  24 
G  23 
G  21 
G  20 


MOON 
S  BTS. 


11   13 
nioni 

0  17 

1  2G 

2  36 

3  47 


23  d.  2  h.,  mo. 


MISCELLANEA. 


CHARIiES- 
TOX,  Sontli 
Carolina, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Florida, 
Mis^isstippi, 
LiOniitiana, 
Texas. 


SUN 
I  i  RISKS. 


^  First  Quarter. 


Bat.  at  Ft.  Scott,  Mo.,T)l. 
[Columbus  by  Conled.,'Gl. 
I'aducah  seized   by   Feds. 


|5  3G 
5  3G 

!5 
J5 
5 

Is 


37 
38 
38 
39 


RUN 
SKTS. 


G  24 

G  23 
G  22 
G  20 
G  19 
G  18 


MOON 
SETS. 


11  22 
morn. 

0  25 

1  33 

2  42 

3  51 


8115 


38 
39 
40 

40 

12|j5  41 
131  5  42 


9  5 
10|!5 
lli5 


6  19 
6  17 
G  IG 
G  14 
G  13 
G  11 
G  10 


Vlth  Sundiif/  after  Trinity. 
'^T^FuU  Moou. 

[18G1. 
Bat.  at  Carnifax  Ferry,  Va., 
F.  Grundy  born,  1777. 
legislators    arrested 

[18G1. 


5  40 

G  IG 

5  1 

5  40 

G  15 

rises 

15  41 

G  14 

G  52 

15  41 

G  12 

7  25 

5  42 

G  11 

8  0 

5  43 

G  10 

8  37 

5  43 

G  8 

9  18 

/  10 
24 

22 
CK-     G 

20 

X~4 
18 

^  1 
14 
27 

«  9 
21 


s 

14 

5  43 

()  8 

9  53  I 

M 

15 

5  43 

G  7 

10  43 

T 

IG 

5  44 

G  5 

11  38 

W 

17 

5  45 

(3  4 

morn. 

T 

18 

5  4fi 

G  2 

0  3G 

F 

19j|5  47 

G  1 

1  3G 

S 

20! 

5  47 

5  59 

2  38 

9  53:!l3//i  Sunday  after  Trinity. 
/<^Last  Quarter. 


C.  Carroll  born,  1737, 


5  44 

G 

7 

10  1 

5  45 

G 

G 

10  52 

5  45 

G 

4 

11  4G 

5  4G 

G 

3 

morn. 

5  47 

G 

2 

0  43 

5  47 

G 

0 

1  41 

5  48 

5 

59 

2  42 

n    3 

15 

27 

S     9 

21 


^ 


16 


s 

21j 

5  48 

5  58 

3  41 

M 

22i 

5  49 

5  56 

4  44 

T 

23|i5  50 

5  55 

sets. 

W 

24! 

5  51 

5  53 

6  14 

T 

25 

5  51 

5  52 

6  50 

F 

26 

5  52 

5  51 

7  3'2i 

S 

27 

5  53 

5  49 

8  2l| 

St.   Matthew.      Lexington, 
[Mo.,  captured,  1861, 
(j^l^New  Moon. 
Iff  J.  Marshall  b.,  1755. 


Moultrie  d.,  1805. 


5  49 

5  58 

3  43 

5  49 

5  56 

4  45 

15  50 

5  55 

sets. 

5  51 

5  54 

G  18 

5  51 

5  52 

6  56 

5  52 

5  51 

7  39 

5  52 

5  50 

8  29 

29 

^  12 

25 

=i:       9 

24 

22 


28115  54 

29  15  55 
30!!5  55 


5  48 
5  46 
5  45 


9  18|I15^A  Sunday  after  Trinity. 

10  21]|'^.S'^   Michael    and  All- 

11  28||s3P^i'"st  Quar.      [Anyels. 


15  53 

5  48 

9  27 

5  54 

5  47 

10  29 

5  55 

5  46 

11  36 

/      6 
21 


MOON  S   PHASE.S. 


J)  First  Quar. 
O  Full  Moon. 
([  Last  Quar. 
fji  NcwjMoon. 
'J)  First  Quar. 


Cn^imLKSTON. 


4  44  mo. 

2  48  mo. 
11     3ev. 

3  29  ev. 


Nashtillb. 


4  17  mo. 

2  21  mo. 
10  36  ev. 

3  2  ev. 


New  Orlvans 


10  46  mo.    10  19  mo 

*  7th  day. 


4     4  mo. 

2  .8  mo. 
10  23  ev. 

2  49  ev. 
10     G  mo. 


S.  Francisco. 


1  54  mo. 

11  58  ev.* 
8  13  ev. 
0  39  ev. 
7  56  mo. 


Sun  on  Movidiaa 
or  Noon  mark. 


1>. 

H.   M.   S. 

1 

11  59  53 

9 

11  57  16 

17 

n  54  29 

25 

11  51  41 

lOtli  Month, 


OCTOBER, 


1862. 


■V  ASHVir.IiE, 

Tfiin.,  IV<irt  11 
Carolina,   Vir- 
ginia, Iveii-    I 
1  uck.>  ,  314s- 
80iiri,  Arltaii- 
isn.s,  ICiiiisas, 
California.     : 


SUN     ENTERS 
1. 


su.v 

KISKS. 
H.    M. 

1  5  5(3 

2  5  57 

3  5  58 

4  5  59 


<! 

15N 

SKTS. 

H 

M. 

5 

48 

0 

42 

•5 

40 

5 

3i^ 

MOON 
SKTS. 


morn  I 

0  37| 

1  4(-; 

2  58 


28  a.  10  h.,  mo. 


MISCELLANEA. 


CHARIxES- 
TOX,  Soutli 
Carolina, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bam  a,  !<' lor  ill  a, 
^lissifwappi, 
LiOiiiifciana, 
Texas. 


[ISGl, 
Battle  at  Greenbrier,  Va., 


SUN 

RCN 

RISKR. 

SKTS. 

H.    M. 

H.    M. 

5  55 

5  44 

5  5() 

5  48 

5  57 

5  42 

5  57 

5  40 

MOON 
SETS. 


0  48 

1  50 


VJ   19 


16 


2  56IX     0 


s 

5 

0 

0 

5  37 

3  58 

M 

6  (j 

0 

5  30 

5     0 

T 

7 

6 

1 

5  35 

rises. 

W 

8 

6 

2 

5  38 

6     1| 

T 

9 

6 

3 

5  32 

0  351 

F 

10 

6 

4 

5  30 

7  14j 

S 

11 

(3 

5 

5  29 

7  58j 

il6//i  Sunday  after  Trinity. 

X^'FuII  Moon. 

•Tasper  &  Pula?ki  d.,  1779. 
Chas.  Lewis  d.,  1774. 
Meriwether  Lewis  d.  1809. 


i5  58 

5  39 

3  59 

5  59 

5  38 

4  59 

5  59 

5  36 

rises 

6     0 

5  35 

6     6 

6     1 

5  34 

6  42 

6     2 

5  33 

7  22 

6     2 

5  31 

8     6 

13 

27 

^  10 

22 

17 

29 


S  il2  G     6:5  28 


18  1 6 
14, j6 

15!  i6 
16 
17 
18 


6     9 
6  10 


6  5  26 

7  5  25 
815  24 

5  22 
5  21 


6  11 


20 


8  47 

9  4(1 

10  35 

11  32 
morn. 

0  ;)0 

1  30 


17;^/t  Sunday  after  Trinity. 


/^^r^Last  Quarter. 

St.  Luke  the  Evangelist. 


(3     3 

5  30 

8  50 

6     4 

5  29 

9  48 

6     5 

5  28 

10  43 

6     5 

5  26 

11  38 

6     6 

5  25 

morn. 

6     7 

5  24 

0  85 

6     8 

5  23 

1  34 

n  n 

28 

o7^  5 
17 
29 

9S 


s 

19!  :6  12 

5  18 

2  3211 

M 

20  6  13 

5  17 

3  35! 

T 

21i,6  14 

5  16 

4  40| 

W 

22:  ;6  15 

5  15 

5  46 

T 

281 16  16 

5  13 

sets. 

F 

24'  6  16 

5  12 

6  23 

S 

25  16  17 

5  11 

7  251 

S 

26! 

6  18 

5  10 

8  31 

iM 

27j 

6  19 

5     9 

9  38 

T 

28 

6  20 

5     8 

10  45 

W 

20 

6  21 

5     6 

11  51 

T 

:50 

6  22 

5     5 

nKM-n.! 

F 

31  |6  23 

5     4 

"0  54j 

2  32]ll8/A  Sundaii  after  Trinity. 


Bats.  ofLeesb'g:,  Frederick- 
[town,  &Rock  Castle, '61. 

%|f  New  Moon. 

Dixon  H.  Lewis  d.,  1848. 
\S)th  Sunday  after  Trinity. 

Sis.  Simon  and  Jude. 

-^'^ First  (inarter. 

sjif     [StatesandMo.,'61. 


Alliance  bet.   Confederate 


6     8 

5  22 

2  84 

6     9 

5  21 

3  35 

6  10 

5  20 

4  88 

6  11 

5  18 

5  42 

6  12 

5  17 

sets. 

6  12 

5  16 

6  31 

6  13 

5  15 

7  33 

6 

20 
4 

18 
2  ' 
17 

2 


6  14 

5  14 

8  40 

6  15 

5  13 

9  4(5 

6  16 

5  12 

10  51 

6  17 

5  11 

11   56 

6  17 

5  10 

morn. 

6  18 

5     9 

0  57 

^ 


17 
1 

15 

29 
13 

27 


MOON  S   I'lIASKS. 


15 
28 

29 


O  Full  :Moon. 
([_  Last  (Iwiiv. 
©  New  Moon. 
3  First  Quar. 


Ch.uilesto.v. 

11. 

M. 

•;> 

29  ev. 

6 

20  ev. 

2 

15  mo. 

6 

84  ev. 

8     2  ev. 
5  58  ev. 


48  mo. 
7  ev. 

*  22d  day. 


New  Qp.r.EANS. 

H. 

M. 

2 

49 

ev. 

5 

40 

ev. 

1 

35  mo.  1 

5 

54 

ev.   1 

S.  Francisco. 


0  39  ev. 

3  30  ev. 

11  25  ev.* 

3  44  ev. 


Sun  on  Meridian 
or  Noon  maris. 


11  49  41 
11  47  20 
11  45  27 
11  44  11 


nth  Month, 


NOVEMBER, 


1862. 


1VASHVIL.1.K, 
Teiiii.,  North 
Curoliiia,  Vir- 
ginia, Iveii- 
f  iK-ky,  Mis- 
souri. Ai'kaii- 
isnsi,  Ivaii.sas, 
California. 


6  24 


M<><>N 
8KTS. 


1  54 


22  d.  7  h.,  mo. 


MISCELLANKA. 


All  Saints'  Daij. 


CHARLiES- 
TON,  Soiitlx 
Carolinn, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bam  a,  Florid  a, 
Mississippi, 
LiOiiisiama, 
Texas. 


SUN 

SUN 
SETS. 

H.    M, 

6  19 

H.  M. 

5     8 

MOON 
SKTS. 


bo 


K  lo 


21  {6  25 

'ih  2() 

4|  6  27 

5  If)  28 

f)|:(3  29 

7ij(J  80 

8;  16  31 


2  54 

3  53 

4  52 

5  5(1 
rises. 

5  58 

6  43 


|20i/i  Sun.  after  Trmihj.  Mo. 
I  [seceded,  1861. 


|,<7^Full  Moon. 
jV^^Bat.  Belmont, '61.   Pt, 
I     [Royal  cap.  by  Fed., '61, 


6  20 

5 

i 

2  54 

G  21 

5 

7 

3  51 

6  22 

5 

6 

4  48 

6  23 

5 

5 

5  54 

6  24 

5 

4 

rises. 

6  24 

5 

3 

6     6 

6  25 

5 

3 

6  51 

n 


23 
6 

19 
1 

13 

26 


S 
INI 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 


i6  32j4  56 
6  33  4  55 
6  34  4  54 
6  35 1 4  53 
53 


6  36 
6  37 

6  38 


/ 


0  ::/ 
9  23 

10  20 

11  18 
morn. 

0  16 


1\st  Sunday  after  Trinity. 
Robert.  Y.  Hayne  b.,  1791, 


(^  [d  ,  1832. 

^Vi^  Last  Qnar.    C.  Carroll 
Bridges  burned  in  E.  Tenn. 


6  26 

5     2 

7  41 

6  27 

5   'l 

8  35 

6  28 

5     0 

9  30 

|6  29 

5     0 

10  26 

6  30 

4  59 

11  22 

6  31 

4  59 

morn. 

16  32 

4  58 

0  19 

19 

25     1 

13 

25 

a    7 

19 

m  2 


s 

16 

16  39 

4  50 

1  15 

M 

17!  j6  40 

4  50 

2  17 

T 

18||6  42 

4  49 

3  23 

W 

19 

'6  43 

4  49 

4  29 

T 

20 

6  44 

4  48 

5  36 

F 

21 

6  45 

4  47 

sets. 

S 

22 

6  46 

4  47 

5  59 

22c?  Sunday  after  Trinity. 


['61.  Ky.  Con.  sec, '61. 
Fed.  raid  into  E.  shore,  Va., 
^feNew  Moon.  [1861. 
i|(|i|!l  Fight    at    Pensacola, 


6  33 

4  57 

1  16 

6  33 

4  57 

2  18 

6  34 

4  56 

3  20 

6  35 

4  56 

4  34 

6  36 

4  55 

5  30 

6  37 

4  55 

sets. 

6  38 

4  55 

0     8 

14 
28 
12 
26 

TTl  10 
25 

/   10 


S 
M 
T 
W 
T 
F 
S 


6  47 

6  48 
6  49 
6  49 
6  50 
6  51 
6  52 


46 

46 
46 
45 
45 
45 
45 


7  8 

8  17 

9  26 

10  34 

11  39 
morn. 

0  42 


23(7  Sunday  after  Trinity. 
Z.  Taylor  boi-n,  1784/ 


,  First  Quarter. 


6  39 

4  54 

7  16 

6  40 

4  54 

8  24 

6  41 

4  54 

9  32 

6  42 

4  58 

10  38 

6  43 

4  53 

11  43 

6  43 

4  58 

morn. 

6  44 

4  68 

0  42 

25 

VJ  10 

24 

wv  '^' 

23 
20 


S  |80l|6  53  4  44|   1  A2\\St.  Andrew.     Advent.  ]|6  45  4  58]   1  401^^     3 


Moon's  Phasks. 

Charleston. 

Nashville. 

Nkw  Orleans. 

S.   FHANCISCO. 

Sun  on  UeridiaD 
or  Koou  mark. 

o. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.       M. 

D. 

H.       M.        8. 

3)  First  Qnar. 

6 

7  34  mo. 

7     7  mo. 

6  54  mo. 

4  44  mo. 

1 

1 1  43  42 

O  Full  ]\Ioon. 

14 

0  44  ev. 

0  17  ev. 

0     4ev. 

9  54  mo. 

9 

1 1  43  58 

([  Last  Quar. 

21 

0  54  ev. 

0  27  ev. 

0  14  ev. 

10     4  mo. 

17 

11  45    7 

%  New  Moon. 

28 

4  39  mo. 

4  12  mo. 

3  59  mo. 

1  49  mo. 

25 

11  47    9 

12tli  Month, 


DECEMBER, 


M 

T 
VV 

T 
F 

S 


3VASH\  II.I.E,  i 
Tenn.,  Xort !»  i 

Carolina.  Vir-J 
ginia,  lien-  !l 
lucky,  Mis-  ll 
soiiri,  Arkaii-  , 
sas,  Ivsiiisas, 
California* 


SUN     ENTERS 


.<ri;5 
KtSKS. 


».    M. 

l|iG  54 

2j|6  55 

31 16  56 

4!  [6  57 

51 16  58 

6116  59 


auy 

SETS. 

H 

M. 

4 

44 

4 

44 

4 

44 

4 

44 

4 

44 

4 

44 

WOON 
SETS. 


21  d.  8  h.,  ev. 


MISCELLANEA. 


2  41 

3  38 

4  34 

5  28 
G  20 

vises. 


-^JFull  Moon, 


CHARLES- 
TON, Soutli 
Carolina, 
Georgia,  Ala- 
bama, Florida, 
Mii!>i!ii.ssii>])i, 
Louisiana, 
Texas. 


sur» 

BUN 

RISES. 

SF.TS. 

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6  13||lsi!  Sunday  in  Advent. 
H.  Laurens  d.,  1792. 


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Iff  New  Moon.   S.C.sec, 


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Sd  Sunday  in 
[^Advent. 


Christmas  Day, 
^^:St.  Stephen.  \^Ev. 

John 


'First  Quar.     St. 


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Hun  ouMendiau 

moon's  pha.sks. 

Charleston. 

Nashville. 

New  Orleans 

S.  Francisco. 

or  Noon  mark. 

D. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

H.      M. 

u. 

H.      M.      S. 

O  Full  Moon. 

6 

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1  50  mo, 

1  37  mo. 

11  27  ev.* 

1 

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4  47  mo. 

4  34  mo. 

2  24  mo. 

9 

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f])  New  Moon. 

20 

11  44  ev. 

11   17  ev. 

11     4  ev. 

8  54  ev. 

17 

11  56  20 

5  First  Quar. 

27 

6  24  ev. 

5  57  ev. 

5  44  ev. 

3  34  ev. 

25 

12    0  18 

*  5th  day. 


HISTORY 


OF  THE 


Jfflriudioii  of  ttjt  Soutljtra  Conftkrat^r. 


The  independence  of  the  Southern  Confederate  States, 
commenced  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  State  of  South  Caro- 
lina from  the  old  Federal  Union  of  the  United  States.  The 
ordinance -of  secession  was  passed  on  December  20th,  1860, 
by  a  unanimous  vote.  The  withdrawal  of  South  Carolina 
from  the  old  Union  was  followed  successively  by  the  States 
of  Florida,  Mississippi,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Louisiana. 
A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  six  seceding  States 
assembled  in  Congress  at  Montgomery,  Alabama,  to  organize 
a  Provisional  Government,  on  the  4th  day  of  February, 
1861.  The  Hon.  li.  M.  Barnwell,  of  South  Carolina,  was 
appointed  temporary  chairman. 

A.  R.  Lamar,  Esq.,  of  Georgia,  was  then  appointed  tem- 
porary Secretary,  and  the  deputies  from  the  several  States 
represented,  presented  their  credentials  in  alphabetical  order, 
and  si<!;ncd  their  names  to  the  roll  of  the  Convention. 


The  following  is  the  list : 


ALABAMA. 

R.  W.  Walker, 
R.  H.  Smith, 
J.  L.  M.  Curry, 
W.  P.  Chilton, 
S.  F.  Hale  Colon, 
J.  McRac, 
John  Gill  Shorter, 
David  P.  Lewis, 
Thomas  Fearn. 
9 


Howell  Cobb, 
F.  S.  Bartow, 
M.  J.  Crawford, 
E.  A.  Nisbet, 
B.  H.  Hill, 
A.  R.  Wright, 
Thomas  R*^  R.  Cobb, 
A.  H.  Kenan, 
A.  H.  Stephens. 


MISSISSIPPI. 

W.  P.  Harris, 
AValter  Brooke, 
N.  S.  Wilson, 
A.  M.  Clayton, 
W.  S.  BaiTy, 
J.  T.  Harrison. 

SOUTH    CAROLINA. 

R.  B.  Rhett, 
R.  W.  Barnwell, 
(17) 


18  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

FLORIDA.  LOUISIANA.  SOUTH    CAROLINA. 

James  B.  Owens,  John  Perkins,  Jr.,  L.  M.  Keitt, 

J.  Patten  Anderson,  A.  Declonet,  James  Chesnut,  Jr., 

Jackson  Morton,  (not  Charles  M.  Conrad,  C.  G.  Memminger. 

present.)  D.  F.  Kenner,  W.  Porcher  Miles, 

GEORGIA.  G.  E,  Sparrow,  Thomas  J.  Withers, 

Robert  Toombs,  Henry  Marshall.  W.  W.  Boyce. 

The  Constitution  of  the  Confederate  States  was  adopted 
on  Friday,  February  the  8th.  On  Saturday,  February  the 
9th,  Congress  proceeded  to  the  election  of  a  President  and 
Vice-President.  The  Hon.  Jefferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi, 
President,  and  the  Hon.  Alexander  H.  Stephens,  of  Georgia, 
Vice-President,  were  elected  by  a  unanimous  vote.  On 
February  the  18th,  President  Davis  was  inaugurated  Presi- 
dent of  the  Confederate  States,  and  delivered  the  following 
address : 

Gentlemen  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America,  Friends 

and  Fellow-citizens : 

Called  to  the  difficult  and  responsible  station  of  Chief  Executive 
of  the  Provisional  Government  which  you  have  instituted,  I  approach 
the  discharge  of  the  duties  assigned  me  with  an  humble  distrust  of 
my  abilities,  but  with  a  sustaining  confidence  in  the  wisdom  of  those 
"who  are  to  guide  and  aid  me  in  the  administration  of  public  affairs, 
and  an  abiding  faith  in  the  virtue  and  patriotism  of  the  people. 
Looking  forward  to  the  speedy  establishment  of  a  permanent  gov- 
ernment to  take  the  place  of  this,  and  which  by  its  greater  moral 
and  physical  power  will  be  better  able  to  combat  with  the  many 
difficulties  which  arise  from  the  conflicting  interests  of  separate  na- 
tions, I  enter  upon  the  duties  of  the  office  to  which  I  have  been 
chosen,  with  the  hope  that  the  beginning  of  our  career  as  a  confed- 
eracy may  not  be  obstructed  by  hostile  opposition  to  our  enjoyment 
of  the  separate  existence  and  independence  which  we  have  asserted, 
and  which,  with  the  blessing  of  Providence,  we  intend  to  maintain. 

Our  present  condition,  achieved  in  a  manner  unprecedented  in  the 
history  of  nations,  illustrates  the  American  idea  that  governments 
rest  upon  the  consent  of  the  governed,  and  that  it  is  the  right  of  the 
people  to  alter  and  abolish  governments  whenever  they  become  de- 
structive to  the  ends  for  which  they  were  established.  The  declared 
compact  of  the  Union  from  which  we  have  withdrawn,  was  to  estab- 
lish justice,  ensure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  de- 
fence, promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of 
liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity ;  and  when,  in  the  judgment 


AND    REPOSITORY    OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  19 

of  the  sovereign  States  now  composing  this  confederacy,  it  has  been 
perverted  from  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  ordained,  and  ceased  to 
answer  the  ends  for  which  it  was  established,  a  peaceful  appeal  to 
the  ballot-box  declared  that,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned,  the  o-ov- 
ernment  created  by  that  compact  should  cease  to  exist.  In  this  thev 
merely  asserted  the  right  which  the  Declaration  of  Independence  of 
1776  defined  to  be  inalienable.  Of  the  time  and  occasion  of  its  ex- 
ercise, they  as  sovereigns  were  the  final  judges,  each  for  itself  The 
impartial,  enlightened  verdict  of  mankind  will  vindicate  the  recti- 
tude of  our  conduct ;  and  He  who  knows  the  hearts  of  men  will 
judge  of  the  sincerity  with  which  we  labored  to  preserve  the  govern- 
ment of  our  fathers  in  its  spirit. 

The  right  solemnly  proclaimed  at  the  birth  of  the  States,  and 
which  has  been  affirmed  and  reaffirmed  in  the  bills  of  rights  of  the 
States  subsequently  admitted  into  the  Union  of  1789,  undeniably 
recognizes  in  the  people  the  power  to  resume  the  authority  delegated 
for  the  purposes  of  government.  Thus  the  sovereign  States  here 
represented,  proceeded  to  form  this  confederacy;  and  it  is  by  the 
abuse  of  language  that  their  act  has  been  denominated  revolution. 
Ihey  formed  a  new  alliance,  but  within  each  State  its  government 
has  remained  The  rights  of  person  and  property  have  not  been 
disturbed.  The  agent  through  whom  they  communicated  with  for- 
eign nations  IS  changed,  but  this  does  not  necessarily  interrupt  their 
international  relations.  Sustained  by  the  consciousness  that  the 
transition  from  the  former  Union  to  the  present  confederacy,  has  not 
proceeded  from  a  disregard  on  our  part  of  our  just  obligations  or 
any  failure  to  perform  every  constitutional  duty,  moved  by  no  inte- 
rest or  passion  to  invade  the  rights  of  others,  anxious  to  cultivate 
peace  and  commerce  with  all  nations,  if  we  may  not  hope  to  avoid 
war  we  may  at  least  expect  that  posterity  will  acquit  us  of  having 
needlessly  engaged  in  it.  Doubly  justified  by  the  absence  of  wrong 
on  our  part,  and  by  wanton  aggression  on  the  part  of  others,  there 
^J^u  ^^^^  ^^^^^  *^  "^^^^^^  ^^^  courage  and  patriotism  of  the  people 
ot  the  Confederate  States  will  be  found  equal  to  any  measures  of  de- 
fence which  soon  their  security  may  require. 

An  agricultural  people,  whose  chief  interest  is  the  export  of  a 
commodity  required  in  every  manufacturing  country,  our  true  policy 
IS  peace,  and  the  freest  trade  which  our  necessities  will  permit  It 
IS  alike  our  interest  and  that  of  all  those  to  whom  we  would  sell  and 
from  whom  we  would  buy,  that  there  should  be  the  fewest  practicable 
restrictions  upon  the  interchange  of  commodities.  There  can  be  but 
little  rivalry  between  ours  and  any  manufacturing  or  navigating 
community,  such  as  the  north-eastern  States  of  the  American  Union 
It  must  follow,  therefore,  that  mutual  interest  would  invite  o-ood- 
will  and  kind  offices.  If,  however,  passion  or  lust  of  dominion 
snould  cloud  the  judgment  or  inflame  the  ambition  of  those  States 
we  must  prepare  to  meet  the  emergency,  and  maintain  by  the  final 
arbitrament  of  the  sword  the  position  which  we  have  assumed 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth. 


20  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

We  have  entered  upon  a  career  of  independence,  and  it  must  be 
inflexibly  pursued  through  many  years  of  controversy  with  our  late 
associates  of  the  Northern  States,  We  have  vainly  endeavored  to 
secure  tranquillity  and  obtain  respect  for  the  rights  to  which  we  were 
entitled.  As  a  necessity,  not  a  choice,  we  have  resorted  to  the 
remedy  of  separation,  and  henceforth  our  energies  must  be  directed 
to  the  conduct  of  our  own  afi'airs,  and  the  perpetuity  of  the  confed- 
eracy which  we  have  formed.  If  a  just  perceptien  of  mutual  inte- 
rest shall  permit  us  peaceably  to  pursue  our  separate  political  career, 
my  most  eai-nest  desire  will  have  been  fulfilled.  But  if  this  be  denied 
us,  and  the  integrity  of  our  territory  and  jurisdiction  be  assailed,  it 
will  but  remain  for  us  with  firm  resolve  to  appeal  to  arms,  and  invoke 
the  blessing  of  Providence  on  a  just  cause. 

As  a  consequence  of  our  new  condition,  and  with  a  view  to  meet 
anticipated  wants,  it  will  be  necessary  to  provide  a  speedy  and  effi- 
cient organization  of  the  branches  of  the  Executive  department 
having  special  charge  of  foreign  intercourse,  finance,  military  af- 
fairs, and  postal  service.  For  purposes  of  defence,  the  Confederate 
States  may,  under  ordinary  circumstances,  rely  mainly  upon  their 
militia ;  but  it  is  deemed  advisable  in  the  present  condition  of  affairs, 
that  there  should  be  a  well  instructed,  disciplined  army,  more  nu- 
merous than  would  usually  be  required  on  a  peace  establishment.  I 
also  suggest  that,  for  the  protection  of  our  harbors  and  commerce  on 
the  high  seas,  a  navy  adapted  to  those  objects  Avill  be  required. 
These  necessities  have,  doubtless,  engaged  the  attention  of  Congress. 

With  a  Constitution  differing  only  from  that  of  our  fathers  in  so 
far  as  it  is  explanatory  of  their  well  known  intent,  freed  from  sec- 
tional conflicts,  which  have  interfered  with  the  pursuit  of  the  gen- 
eral welfare,  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  expect  that  the  States  from 
which  we  have  recently  parted  may  seek  to  unite  their  fortunes  to 
ours,  under  the  government  which  we  have  instituted.  For  this 
your  Constitution  makes  adequate  provision,  but  beyond  this,  if  I 
mistake  not,  the  jvidgment  and  will  of  the  people  are,  that  union 
with  the  States  from  which  they  have  separated  is  neither  practicable 
nor  desirable.  To  increase  the  power,  develop  the  resources,  and 
promote  the  happiness  of  the  Confederacy,  it  is  requisite  there 
should  be  so  much  homogeneity  that  the  welfare  of  every  portion 
would  be  the  aim  of  the  whole.  Where  this  does  not  exist,  antago- 
nisms are  engendered,  which  must  and  should  result  in  separation. 

Actuated  solely  by  a  desire  to  preserve  our  own  rights,  and  to  pro- 
mote our  own  welfare,  the  separation  of  the  Confederate  States  has 
been  marked  by  no  aggression  upon  others,  and  followed  by  no  do- 
mestic convulsion.  Our  industrial  pursuits  have  received  no  check, 
the  cultivation  of  our  fields  progresses  as  heretofore,  and  even 
should  we  be  involved  in  war,  there  would  be  no  considerable  dimin- 
ution in  the  production  of  the  staples  which  have  constituted  our 
exports,  in  which  the  commercial  world  has  an  interest  scarcely  less 
than  our  own.     This  common  interest  of  producer  and  consumer,  can 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  21 

only  be  intercepted  by  an  exterior  force  which  should  obstruct  its 
transmission  to  foreign  markets,  a  course  of  conduct  which  would 
be  detrimental  to  manufacturing  and  commercial  interests  abroad. 

Should  reason  guide  tlie  action  of  the  government  from  which  we 
have  separated,  a  policy  so  detrimental  to  the  civilized  world,  the 
Northern  States  included,  could  not  be  dictated  by  even  a  stronger 
desire  to  inflict  injury  upon  us  ;  but  if  it  be  otherwise,  a  terrible  re- 
sponsibility will  rest  upon  it,  and  the  suifering  of  millions  will  bear 
testimony  to  the  folly  and  wickedness  of  our  aggressors.  In  the 
meantime,  there  will  remain  to  us,  besides  the  ordinary  remedies  be- 
fore suggested,  the  well  known  resources  for  retaliation  upon  the 
commerce  of  an  enemy. 

Experience  in  public  stations  of  a  subordinate  grade  to  this  which 
your  kindness  has  conferred,  has  taught  me  that  care  and  toil  and 
disappoiotments  are  the  price  of  official  elevation.  You  will  see 
maiiy  errors  to  forgive,  many  deficiencies  to  tolerate  ;  but  you  shall 
not  find  in  me  either  want  of  zeal  or  fidelity  to  the  cause  that  is  to 
me  the  highest  in  hope  and  of  most  enduring  affection.  Your  gen- 
erosity has  bestowed  upon  me  an  undeserved  distinction,  one  which 
I  neither  sought  nor  desired.  Upon  the  continuance  of  that  senti- 
ment, and  upon  your  wisdom  and  patriotism,  I  rely  to  direct  and 
support  me  in  the  performance  of  tho  duties  required  at  my  hands. 
We  have  changed  the  constituent  parts,  but  not  the  system,  of  our 
government.  The  Constitution  formed  by  our  fathers  is  that  of 
these  Confederate  States.  In  their  exposition  of  it,  and  in  the  judi- 
cial construction  it  has  received,  we  have  a  light  whicli  reveals  its 
true  meaning.  Thus  instructed  as  to  the  just  interpretation  of  that 
instrument,  and  ever  remembering  that  all  offices  are  but  trusts  held 
for  the  people,  and  that  delegated  powers  are  to  be  strictly  construed, 
I  will  hope  by  due  diligence  in  the  performance  of  my  duties,  though 
I  may  disappoint  your  expectation,  yet  to  retain,  when  retiring, 
something  of  the  good  will  and  confidence  which  will  welcome  ray 
entrance  into  office. 

It  is  joyous,  in  the  midst  of  perilous  times,  to  look  around  upon  a 
people  united  in  heart,  when  one  purpose  of  high  resolve  animates 
and  actuates  the  whole,  Avhere  the  sacrifices  to  be  made  are  not 
weighed  in  the  balance,  against  honor,  right,  liberty,  and  equality. 
Obstacles  may  retard,  but  they  cannot  long  prevent  the  progress  of 
a  movement  sanctioned  by  its  justice  and  sustained  by  a  virtuous 
people.  Reverently  let  us  invoke  the  God  of  our  fathers  to  guide 
and  protect  us  in  our  efforts  to  perpetuate  the  principles  which  by 
his  blessing  they  were  able  to  vindicate,  establish,  and  transmit  to 
their  posterity  ;  and  with  a  continuance  of  His  favor,  ever  gratefully 
acknowledged,  we  may  hopefully  look  forward  to  success,  to  peace, 
to  prosperity. 

On  February  1st,  1861,  the  State  of  Texas   declared  lier 
independence,  by  withdrawing  from  the  Union,  and  uniting 


22  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

her  destinies  with  the  new  Confederacy.  Virginia,  Ten- 
nessee, Arkansas,  North  Carolina,  and  Missouri,  also  resumed 
their  original  sovereignty,  and  were  admitted  into  the  Con- 
federacy. 

The  Provisional  Government  of  the  Confederate  States  is 
now  drawing  to  a  close.  On  the  22d  day  of  February,  1862, 
the  Southern  Confederate  States  of  America  will  throw  oflf 
the  last  vestige  of  its  provisional  character,  and  will  stand 
before  the  world  in  all  the  aspects  and  with  all  the  attributes 
of  a  distinct  and  sovereign  Confederacy ;  in  outward  form,  a 
nation — within,  a  league  of  independent  and  coequal  sove- 
reignties. Before  that  day,  our  right  to  admittance  among 
the  recognized  nationalities  will  have  been  conceded  by  the 
principal  European  powers. 


CONFEDERATE  STATES  OF  AMERICA. 

The  Presidential  term  of  one  year  of  the  Provisional  Gov- 
ernment, under  the  Constitution,  began  on  the  18th  day  of 
February,  1861,  and  will  expire  on  the  22d  day  of  February, 
1862.  The  first  election,  under  the  Confederate  Constitu- 
tion, for  President  and  Vice  President  for  the  first  regular 
Presidential  term  of  six  years,  was  held  on  the  6th  day  of 
November,  1861,  in  each  State  throughout  the  Confederacy. 


GOVERNMENT  OF  THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES. 

JEFFERSON  DAVIS,  of  Miss.,  President. 

ALEX.  H.  STEPHENS,  of  Ga.,  Vice-President. 

Col.  JOSEPH  DAVIS,  of  Miss.,  Aid  to  the  President. 

Capt.  R.  JOSSELYN,  of  Miss.,  Private  Secretary  of  the  President. 

R.  M.  T.  HUNTER,  Va.,  Secretary  of  State.  Wm.  M.  Browne,  Assistant 
Secretary  of  State.    P.  P.  Dandrige,  Chief  Clerk. 

C.  G.  MEMMINGER,  S.  C,  Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  P.  Clayton,  Ga.,  As- 
sistant Secretary  of  the  Treasury.  H.  D.  Capers,  Chief  Clerk  of  the  Depart- 
ment. Lewis  Cruger,  S.  C,  Comptroller  and  Solicitor.  Boiling  Baker,  Ga.,  1st 
Auditor.  W.  H.  S.  Taylor,  La.,  2d  Auditor.  Robert  Tyler,  Va.,  Register.  E. 
C.  Elmore,  Ala.,  Treasurer. 


AND   REPOSITORY    CF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  23 

J.  P.  BENJAMIN,  La.,  Secretary  of  AVar.  A.  T.  Bledsoe,  Va.,  Chief  Clerk 
of  the  Department.  S.  Cooper,  Va.,  Adjutant  and  Inspector  General  of  the  C 
S.  Army.  Lieut.  Col.  B.  Chilton  and  Capt.  J.  Withers,  S.  C,  Assistants  Adjutant 
and  Inspector  General.  Col.  R.Taylor,  Ky.,  Quartermaster  General.  Col.  A. 
C.  Myers,  S.  C,  Assistant  Quartermaster  General.  Lieut.  Col.  Northrop,  S.  C, 
Commissary  General.  Col.  J.  Gorgas,  Va.,  Chief  of  Ordnance.  Col.  S.  P. 
Moore,  (M.D.,)  S.  C,  Surgeon  General.  Capt.  C.  H.  Smith,  (M.D..)  Va..  Assistant 
Surgeon  General.  Capt.  Leg.  G.  Capers,  (M.D.,)  S.  C,  Chief  Clerk  of  the  Med- 
ical Department.    Maj.  D.  Hubbard,  Ala.,  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs. 

S.  R.  MALLORY,  Fia.,  Secretary  of  the  Navy.  Com.  E.  M.  Tidball,  Va., 
Chief  Clerk  of  the  Department.  Com.  D.  N.  Ingraham,  S.  C,  Chief  of  Ord- 
nance, Con.struction,  and  Repair.  Capt.  George  Minor,  Va.,  Inspector  of  Ord- 
nance. Com.  L.  Rosseau,  La.,  Chiet  of  Equipment,  Recruiting  Orders,  and 
Detail.  Capt.  W.  A.  Spotswood,  (M.D.,)  Va.,  Chief  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 
Capt.  John  Debree,  Chief  of  Clothing  and  Provisions. 

Ex-Gov.  BRAGG,  N.  C,  Attornev  General.  Wade  Kevs,  Ala.,  Assistant  At- 
torney General.  R.  R.  Rhodes,  Miss.,  Commissioner  of  Patents.  G.  E.  W. 
Nelson,  Ga.,  Superintendent  of  Public  Printing.  R.  M.  Smith,  Va.,  Public 
Printer. 

JOHN  H.  REAGAN,  Texas,  Postmaster  General.  H.  S.  Offut,  Va.,  Chief 
Contract  Bureau.  B.  N.  Clements,  Tenn.,  Chief  Appointment  Bureau.  J.  L. 
Harrell,  Ala.,  Chief  Finance  Bureau.  W.  D.  Miller,  Texas,  Chief  Clerk  of  De- 
partment. 


POPULATION,  RESOURCES,  DATES  OF  SECES- 
SION, ETC.,  OF  THE  SOUTHERN  STATES  AND 
TERRITORIES. 

South  Carolina. — Area,  29,385  Square  Miles. 

The  State  was  first  settled  by  colonies  of  French,  German, 
and  Irish,  in  1670 ;  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution,  1780. 
Population  in  1850,  668,507,  including  384,984  slaves. 
Value  of  exports  in  1850,  $16,924,250 ;  imports,  $2,071,139. 
Population  in  1860,  715,371,  including  407,185  slaves. 

Passed  ordinance  of  secession  from  the  Federal  Union, 
December  20th,  1860. 

Florida. — Area,  59,268  Square  Miles. 

This  State  was  settled  by  Spain  in  1516 ;  was  ceded  to 
G-reat  Britain,  by  Spain,  in  1763  ;  retaken  by  the  Spanish 
in  1781,  and  ceded,  by  Spain,  to  the  United  States  in  1819 ; 
was  admitted  into  the  Union  in  1845.  The  Seminole  Indian 
War  commenced  in  1818,  and  ended  in  1842.     Value  of  ex- 


24  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

ports  for  1858,  Sl,877,960 ;  imports,  $105,998.  Population 
in  1850,  87,445,  including  39,310  slaves;  population  in 
1860,  145,694,  including  63,809  slaves. 

Passed  ordinance  of  secession,  dissolving  connection  with 
the  Federal  Union,  Jannary  8th,  1861. 

Mississippi. — Area,  47,156  Square  Miles. 

Was  first  settled  by  the  French,  at  Natchez,  in  1716. 
This  State,  together  with  part  of  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
Florida,  formed  the  "  Mississippi  Territory,'^  in  1816  j  ad- 
mitted into  the  Union  as  a  State  in  1817.  Population  in 
1850,606,326,  including  309,878  slaves;  population  in  1860, 
887,158,  including  479,647  slaves.  Mississippi  is  now  the 
largest  cotton-growing  State  in  the  South.  The  crop  of 
1850  amounted  to  485,293  bales ;  the  crop  of  1860  was  es- 
timated at  670,000  bales,  valued  at  $27,000,000. 

Ordinance  of  secession  passed  January  9th,  1861. 

Alabama. — Area,  50,722  Square  Miles. 

This  State  was  included  in  the  Mississippi  Territory  in 
1817 ;  admitted  into  the  Federal  Union  as  a  State  in  1820. 
The  chief  agricultural  product  of  Alabama  is  cotton.  Ex- 
tensive canebrakes  once  existed,  but  they  have  been  greatly 
cleared  away.  Sugar-cane  grows  on  the  south-west  neck, 
between  Mobile  and  the  Mississippi.  Many  of  the  rich 
alluvial  tracts  yield  rice  abundantly.  Tobacco,  also,  is  pro- 
duced. Indian  corn,  oats,  sweet  potatoes,  buckwheat,  barley, 
flax,  and  silk,  are  much  cultivated,  besides  many  other  grains, 
fruits,  and  vegetables,  and  large  supplies  of  live  stock  of  all 
descriptions. 

Mineral  Products. — Alabama  is  rich  in  great  deposits  of 
coal,  iron,  variegated  marbles,  limestone,  and  other  mineral 
treasures.  Gold  mines,  too,  have  been  found  and  worked. 
Salt,  sulphur,  and  chalybeate  springs  abound. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEPUL   KNOWLEDGE.  25 

Value  of  imports  in  1850,  $619,964;  exports,  $24,790,- 
585.  Population  in  1850,  771,625,  including  343,844 
slaves;  population  in  1860,  935,917,  including  435,473 
slaves. 

Passed  ordinance  of  secession  from  the  Ujiion,  January 
lltli,  1861. 

G-EORQIA.—Arca,  58,000  Square  Miles. 

This  State  was  settled  by  Gen.  Oglethorpe  in  1733;  was 
made  a  royal  colony  in  1752 ;  adopted  the  Federal  Constitution 
in  1798.  Population  in  1850,  906,185,  including  381,622 
slaves;  population  in  1860,  1,082,797,  including  467,461 
slaves.     Imports  for  1850,  $473,716 ;  exports,  $9,543,519. 

The  Comptroller-G  eneral  of  the  State  of  Georgia  for  the  last 
fiscal  year,  stated  that  the  Western  and  Atlantic  railroad, 
owned  exclusively  by  the  State,  paid  into  the  State  treasury, 
of  net  earnings,  in  1859,  $420,000;  in  1860,  $450,000; 
and  in  1861,  $438,000.  Independent  of  the  above  valuable 
property,  Georgia  owns  in  bank  stock  and  bonds,  the  amount 
of  $958,400. 

The  income  of  the  State,  from  its  several  sources  of  rev- 
enue, including  the  cash  balance  in  the  treasury  on  the  21st 
of  October,  1861,  $324,106,  is  $2,279,857.  The  disburse- 
ments in  the  same  time  amount  to  $1,955,731. 

The  State  withdrew  from  the  Federal  Union,  January 
19th,  1861. 

Louisiana.— .4rea,  41,436  Square  Miles. 

This  State  was  settled  by  the  French  in  1699;  was  ceded 
to  Spgiin  in  1762 ;  was  purchased  by  the  Federal  Union  in 
1803  ;  admitted  into  the  Federal  Union  as  a  State  in  1812. 
Population  in  1850,  517,762,  including  244,809  slaves. 
Value  of  exports  in  1850,  $88,367,962;  imports,  $22,900,- 
821.     Population  in  1860,  666,431,  including  312,186  slavea 


26  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

The  wealth  of  Louisiana  has  rapidly  augmented,  and  an 
immense  area  of  fertile  land  is  annually  taken  into  cultiva- 
tion, reclaimed  from  the  swamps  and  the  prairies.  New  Or- 
leans, meanwhile,  has  advanced  with  prodigious  strides,  and 
will  now,  without  a  doubt,  fulfil  the  destiny  which  seemed  in 
the  past  to  belong  to  New  York.  We  confidently  expect  and 
predict  this.  Cotton  and  sugar-cane  are  the  great  products 
of  this  State. 

Passed  ordinance  of  secession  from  the  Federal  Union, 
January  26th,  1861. 

Texas.— ^rm,  237,504  Square  Miles— Acres,  152,002,560. 

Was  first  settled  by  the  Spaniards,  in  1690 ;  was  made 
part  of  the  Mexican  llepublic  in  1826 ;  war  with  Mexico  for 
independence  commenced  in  1833,  and  ended  in  1836;  as 
an  independent  State,  was  admitted  into  the  Federal  Union 
in  1845.  ITer  geological  survey  has  developed  the  exist- 
ence of  iron  ore,  coal,  lead,  copper,  lignite,  gypsum,  lime- 
stone, marble,  potters',  pipe,  and  fire  clay,  etc.  The  iron 
and  coal  promise  to  be  of  great  future  value. 

The  revenue  of  the  State,  by  a  recent  statement,  as  de- 
rived from  the  ad  valorem  and  poll  tax,  was  ^309,726.  The 
total  school  fund  reached  $3,426,168.    Assessment  statistics: 

44,233,658  acres  land,  valued  at $83,392,720 

42,302  town  lots,  "         14,137,207 

130,853  negroes,  "         85,030,748 

284,714  liorses,  ''         14,320,103 

2,017,122  cattle,  "         10,057,242 

A  comparison  will  at  once  show  the  increase  in  the  value 
of  each  species  of  property,  the  aggregate  increase  of  the 
whole  being  over  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  namely  :  the  in- 
crease in  negroes, $12,774,820 ;  increase  inland,  $9,477,542; 
increase  in  cattle,  82,739,421 ;  increase  in  horses,  $2,617,502; 
increase  in  town  lots,  $1,388,894;  increase  in  money  loaned. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  27 

$513,047  :  increase  in  miscellaneous  property,  $1,208,812. 
Total  increase  of  all  taxable  property,  from  1858  to  1859, 
$30,721,438.  We  should  here  remark  that  only  one  hun- 
dred and  eleven  counties  are  returned,  and  that  the  nine 
counties  not  returned  would  probably  add  several  hundred 
thousand  to  this  total  amount  of  increase. 

Total  taxable  property  for  1856,  $161,304,025;  for  1857, 
$183,504,205;  for  1858,  $193,636,818;  for  1859, 
$224,353,266. 

Total  ad  valorem  and  State  tax  for  1856,  $265,382 ;  for 
1857,  $301,126  54;  for  1858,  $269,755  95;  for  1859, 
$309,726  60. 

Increase  in  taxable  property  from  1856  to  1857, 
$22,200,180;  from  1857  to  1858,  $10,132,613;  from  1858 
to  1859,  $30,716,448. 

Average  value  of  land  per  acre  in  1856,  $1  41 ;  in  1857, 
$1  47;  in  1858,  $1  65;  in  1859,  $1  88. 

The  total  area  of  Texas  is  estimated  at  one  hundred  and 
seventy-five  millions  acres  of  land,  of  which  one  hundred 
millions  are  public  domain,  held  by  the  State. 

Population  212,592,  including  58,161  slaves.  Value  of 
exports  in  1858,  $2,428,475 ;  imports,  $120,095.  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  600,955,  including  180,956  slaves. 

Passed  act  of  secession  from  the  Federal  Union  February 
1st,  1861. 

Virginia. — Area,  61,352  Square  Miles. 

First  settled  in  1607.  Adopted  the  Constitution  of  the 
United  States  in  1776.  Population  in  1850  was  1,141,661, 
including  472,528  slaves.  Value  of  exports  in  1858  was 
$7,262,765;  imports,  $1,079,067.  Population  in  1860, 
1,593,190,  including  495,826  slaves. 

Tobacco  is  the  principal  product  of  the  State. 


28  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

Passed  an  act  of  separation  from  the  Federal  Union  April 
18th,  1861. 

Tennessee. — A7'ea,  45,600  Square  3IUes. 

First  settlement  was  made  in  1757.  The  territory  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States  in  1790.  Admitted  into  the  Union  as 
a  State  in  1796.  Population  in  1850  was  1,002,717,  in- 
cluding 239,459  slaves ;  population  in  1860,  1,146,640,  in- 
cluding 287,112  slaves. 

Passed  ordinance  of  separation  from  the  Federal  Union 
May  2d,  1861. 

Arkansas. — Area^  52,198  Square  Miles. 

This  State  was  part  of  the  Louisiana  purchase.  Was 
made  into  a  separate  Territory  in  1819 ;  joined  the  Federal 
Union  in  1836.  Value  of  annual  products  for  1858, 
$994,722.  Population  in  1850,  209,897,  including  47,100 
slaves.  Population  in  1860,  440,775,  including  109,065 
slaves. 

The  progress  of  this  State  has  heen  astounding  in  the 
past  few  years,  and  she  possesses  so  many  resources,  that 
her  position  ere  long  will  be  among  the  first  States  of  the 
South. 

Productions. — The  rich,  black  alluvion  of  the  river  yields 
Indian  corn  in  great  luxuriance.  This  product,  with  cotton, 
tobacco,  rice,  many  varieties  of  grain,  wool,  hops,  hemp,  flax, 
and  silk,  are  the  staples. 

The  forest  trees  include  great  quantities  of  the  cotton 
wood,  gum,  ash,  and  cypress,  in  the  bottom  lands,  and  the 
usual  vegetation  of  the  North  in  the  uplands.  The  sugar 
maple,  yielding  large  supplies  of  sap,  is  found  here. 

Minerals. — Coal,    iron,    zinc,    lead,    gypsum,   manganese, 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  29 

salt,  and  other  mineral  products  exist  here.  Gold,  too,  it  is 
said,  has  been  found.  "  There  is,'^  says  a  writer,  ^^  manga- 
nese enough  in  Arkansas  to  supply  the  world ;  in  zinc,  it 
exceeds  every  State  except  New  Jersey,  and  has  more  gyp- 
sum than  all  the  other  States  put  together;  while  it  is 
equally  well  supplied  with  marble  and  salt.^' 

Dissolved  connection  with  the  Federal  Union  May 
6th,  1861. 

North  Carolina. — Area,  50,704  Square  Miles. 

Was  first  settled  by  emigrants  from  Virginia,  in  1660.  The 
country  was  divided  into  two  Territories,  in  1720,  (North 
and  South  Carolina.)  North  Carolina  adopted  the  Federal 
Constitution  in  1790.  Population  in  1850,  869,039,  includ- 
ing 228,548  slaves.  Value  of  exports  in  1858, 116,955,057; 
imports,  $2,071,519.  Population  in  1860,  1,008,342,  in- 
cluding 328,377  slaves. 

North  Carolina  possesses  one  million  and  a  half  acres  of 
swamp  lands,  which  are  at  present  uncultivated,  and  are 
owned  by  the  State.  Professor  Emmons,  State  geologist,  in 
his  report  now  before  us,  does  not  hesitate  to  say  that  he 
regards  these  lands  as  two-fold  more  valuable  than  the  up- 
land, and  well  adapted  to  the  growth  of  cotton.  Here  is  a 
great  future  source  of  wealth. 

Dissolved  connection  with  the  Federal  Union  May 
21st,  1801. 

Missouri. — Area,  67,380  Square  Miles, 

Settled  by  the  French,  in  1764.  Territorial  Government 
was  formed  in  1804.  Admitted  into  the  Union  as  a  State  in 
1821.  Population  in  1850,  682,044,  including  87,422 
slaves.  Population  in  I860.  1,310,209,  including  115,619 
slaves. 


30  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

Passed  an  act  of  separation  from  the  Federal  Union  Oc- 
tober 28tli,  1861. 

Kentucky. — Area,  37,680  Square  Miles. 

First  white  settlement  was  made  in  1775.  Made  into  a 
Territory  in  1782.  Admitted  into  the  Union  in  1796. 
Population  in  1850  was  982,405,  including  210,981  slaves. 
Population  in  1860,  1,145,567,  including  224,490  slaves. 

Maryland. — Area,  11,121  Square  Miles. 

First  settlement  was  made  by  Catholics,  in  1634.  Adopted 
the  Federal  Constitution  in  1776.  Population  in  1850  was 
583,034,  including  90,368  slaves.  Value  of  exports  in 
1855  was  ^10,395,984 ;  imports,  17,788,949.  Population  in 
1860,  731,565,  including  85,826  slaves. 

Delaware. — Area,  2,120  Square  Miles. 

The  smallest  of  the  Southern  States,  was  first  settled  in 
1630,  by  the  Swedes  and  Fins.  Adopted  the  United  States 
Constitution  in  1787.  Population  in  1850,  71,169  white,  and 
2,290  slaves.  Population  in  1860,  112,363,  including  1,805 
slaves. 

TERRITOPtlES. 

New  Mexico. — Area,  20^,000 ^Square  Miles. 

"Was  ceded,  by  treaty  with  Mexico,  to  the  United  States 
in  1848.  Population  in  1850  was  61,547 ;  population  in 
1860,  93,024. 

Arizona. — Area,  100,000  Square  3Iiles. 

The  Territory  of  Arizona  is  bounded  west  by  the  Rio 
Colorado*;  south  by  Sonora  and  Chihuahua,  on  the  boundary 
line  between  the  United  States  and  Mexico,  and  from  the 


AND    REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE. 


31 


Rio  Grande,  on  the  32d  parallel  of  latitude  in  Texas,  to  the 
104°  of  longitude ;  east  by  a  line  on  the  104°  of  longitude 
to  the  34th  parallel  of  latitude,  thence  north  on  the  34th 
parallel  to  the  Colorado  Eiver.  It  has  an  area  of  about 
100,000  square  miles.  The  population  is  from  8,000  to 
10,000.  Nine-tenths  are  Mexicans,  and  they  are  chiefly  in 
the  valley  ^of  the  llio  Grande.  There  is  an  abundance  of 
mineral  wealth,  but  very  little  agricultural  land. 

Fajmlation   of    the  Confederate     States,    according   to    the 

census  of  1860. 


states. 


'  Virginia  

'   North  Carolina 

—  Sonth  Carolina 

-^  Georgia 

'  Florida 

'--Alabama , 

-Mississippi 

—Louisiana , 

'  Arkansas 

-  Texas 

•^  Tennessee 

/-  Missouri 


White. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

1,097,373 

495,826 

1,593,100 

697,965 

328,377 

1,008,342 

308,186 

407,185 

715,371 

615,336 

467,461 

1,082,797 

81,865 

93,809 

145,694 

520,444 

435,473 

935,917 

407,551 

497,607 

887,158 

354,245 

312,186 

666,431 

331,710 

109,065 

440,775 

515.999 

184,956 

600,955 

859,528 

287,112 

1.146,640 

1,185,590 

115,619 

1,301,209 

6,867,239 

3,644,676 

10,510,915 

Poimlation  of  the  Southern  States  and  Territories,  not  yet 
in  the   Confederacy . 


states. 

White. 

Slaves. 

Total. 

Delaware 

110,548 
646,183 
920,077 

1,805 

85,382 

225,490 

112,353 
731  5ri5 

Maryland 

Kentucky 

1,145,567 

1,676,808 

312,677 

1,989,485 

32 


THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 


Population  of  the   Territories. 


Territories.  Population  in  1850. 

New  INFcxico 61,547 

Arizona 


Population  in  1860. 
93,024 
9,000 


Population  of  some  of  the  Principal  Cities  in  the  JSouth- 

em  States. 


Cities. 

States. 

1850. 

I860. 

Baltimore 

New  Orleans 

St.  Louis 

Maryland. 

Louisiana. 

Misssouri. 

Kentucky. 

S.  Carolina. 

Virginia. 

Georgia. 

Alabama. 

Tennessee. 

Tennessee. 

Alabama. 

Georgia. 

Mississippi. 

Virginia. 

Virginia. 

N.  Carolina. 

Texas. 

169,054 

116,375 

77,860 

43,194 

37,989 

27,570 

15,312 

20,515 

18,478 

10,841 

8,728 

8,225 

4,439 

14,610 

14,336 

7,268 

5,210 

238,645 
137,245 

123,262 
69,630 
58,320 

39,800 
28  739 

Louisville 

Charleston  

Richmond 

Savannah 

Mobile 

Nashville 

24,720 

32  872 

Memphis 

29,830 
12,243 
16,490 
7,321 
18,213 
18,965 
12,362 
10,112 

Montgomery 

Augusta  

Natchez 

Petersburg 

Norfolk 

Wilmington 

Galveston 

THE  ORIGIN  OF  SECESSION. 

At  the  late  Pilgrim  Landing  Anniversary,  held  in  the 
Astor  House,  New  York,  Mr.  Seward  declared  in  his  speech, 
that  the  men  of  New  England  invented  the  greatest  political 
discovery  in  the  world — the  confederation  of  Republican 
States ;  and  that  the  people  of  South  Carolina  invented  the 
doctrine  of  secession.  Mr.  Seward,  in  his  eager  efforts  to 
attach  blame  to  South  Carolina,  falls  into  a  great  error  con- 
cerning the  origin  of  secession.  The  first  disunion  speech 
ever  made  in  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives, 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE. 


33 


was  by  Josiali  Quincy,  of  Massachusetts,  in  regard  to  the 
Louisiana  Enabling  Act,  January  14,  1811.     He  said  : 

I  am  compelled  to  declare  it  as  my  deliberate  opinion,  that  if  this 
bill  passes,  the  bonds  of  this  Union  are  virtually  dissolved;  that  the 
States  which  compose  it  are  free  from  their  moral  obligations,  and 
that,  as  it  will  be  the  right  of  all,  so  it  will  be  the  duty  of  some,  to 
prepare  definitely  for  a  separation — amicably,  if  they  can ;  violently, 
if  they  must. 

A  Southern  member  of  the  Senate,  Mr.  Poindexter,  of 
Mississippi,  considered  this  declaration  of  "  the  right  of  all, 
as  it  was  the  duty  of  some,  to  prepare  for  separation — peace- 
ably, if  they  could ;  forcibly,  if  they  must,"  as  very  nearly 
akin  to  treason,  and  called  the  New  England  inventor  to  order. 

The  inventor  of  disunion  repeated  his  assertion,  committed 
it  to  writing,  and  left  the  matter  to  the  Speaker,  who  deci- 
ded it  out  of  order.  Mr.  Quincy  appealed  from  the  deci- 
sion of  the  Speaker,  and  was  sustained  by  a  vote  of  56  to  63 
in  his  right,  as  the  Representative  of  New  England,  to  in- 
vent disunion. — See  Abridgment  of  Debates  of  Congress, 
vol.  iv.,  p.  237. 


PAY  OF  VOLUNTEER  OFFICERS  AND  PRIVATES. 

Pay,  per  mouth,  of  officers  and  privates,  accepted  into  the 
Confederate  States  Army  : 


Colonel $175  00 

Lieutenant-Colonel 170  00 

Major 150  00 

Captain 108  00 

First  Lieutenant 90  00 


Second  Lieutenant $80  00 

First  Sergeants 21  00 

Other  Sergeants 17  00 

Corporals  and  Artificers  13  00 

Privates 11  00 


They  have  a  yearly  allowance  for  clothing,  also,  and  one 
ration  per  day. 

The  volunteers  are  expected  to  furnish  their  own  uniforms, 
and  will  be  paid  for  the  same  in  money  by  the  Confederate 
States  Government,  when  mustered  into  service.  Each  regi- 
ment has  a  Quartermaster,  with  the  rank  of  Captain,  and  a 
Commissary,  with  equal  rank,  a  Surgeon  and  Assistant 
Surgeon. 


34 


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AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  35 

CONFEDERATE  STATES  ARMY,  AS  NOW  ORGAN- 
IZED.    NOVEMBER,  1861. 

The  army  in  Virginia  lias  been  reorganized  by  the  War 
Department.  The  army  of  the  Potomac  is  under  the  su- 
preme command  of  Gen.  J.  E.  Johnston.  It  embraces 
three  grand  divisions  :  the  largest  and  most  important,  at 
Manassas,  being  commanded  by  Gen.  P.  T.  G.  Beauregard, 
and  those  at  Aquia  Creek  and  Shenandoah  Valley,  by  Briga- 
diers General  T.  II.  Holmes,  of  North  Carolina,  and  Thomas 
J.  Jackson,  of  Stone  Wall  Bridge,  respectively.  General 
Beauregard's  command  is  subdivided  into  four  divisions, 
commanded  respectively  by  General  Gustavus  W.  Smith, 
Major  General  Edmund  Kirby  Smith,  Earl  Van  Dorn,  and 
James  Longstreet.  Under  these  officers  are  the  numerous 
brigades  composing  the  army,  each  composed  as  nearly  as 
possible  of  regiments  belonging  to  the  same  State,  and  com- 
manded by  their  own  Brigadiers  General.  The  Department 
of  the  Northwest  remains  under  command  of  Gen.  Lee ; 
that  of  the  Yorktown  Peninsula,  under  Major  General  Ma- 
gruder;  that  of  Norfolk,  under  Major  General  linger;  that 
of  Eastern  Virginia,  South  of  the  James  river,  under  Briga- 
dier General  Pemberton ;  and  that  of  Richmond,  under 
BHgadiej  General  Winder.  The  coast  defenses  of  North 
Carolina  are  under  command  of  Brigadier  General  Gatlin, 
assisted  by  Brigadiers  General  J.  R.  Anderson  and  D.  H. 
Hill.  Those  of  South  Carolina  arc  in  charge  of  Brigadier 
General  Ripley;  those  of  Georgia,  of  Brigadier  General 
Lawton;  those  of  Alabama,  of  Brigadier  General  Withers; 
those  of  Louisiana,  of  Major  General  Lovcll;  and  those  of 
Texas,  of  Brigadier  General  Hcbert.  Until  his  death.  Brig- 
adier General  Grayson  commanded  in  East  Florida.  The 
supreme  command  in  Kentucky,  is  vested  in  General  A.  S. 
Johnston  ;  and  in  Tennessee,  in  Major  General  Polk. 


36 


THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES    ALMANAC, 


ARMY  WAGES. 

The  following:  is  a  statement  of  the  monthly  pay  of  officers 
and  privates  in  the  service  of  the  Confederate  i^tates : 


IJaxk. 


Infantry. 


liioutcnant-Coloncls 

Majors 

Capfftins 

First  Lieutenants 

Second  Lieutenants 

Orderly  Sor;!:cants 

Other  Sergeants 

Corporals  and  Artificers.. 

Musicians 

Privates 


Colonels $180  00 

180  00 
160  00 
130  00 
90  90 
80  00 
110  00 
17  00 
13  00 
VI  00 
11  00 


Cavnlrv. 


Artillery. 


:f210  00 

*185  00 

1G2  00 

140  00 

100  00 

00  00 

20  00 

17 

13 


00 
00 


12  00 
11  00 


$210  00 

185  00 

152  00 

130  00 

00  00 

SO  00 

20  0(J 

17  00 

13  00 

12  00 

11  00 


The  monthly  pay  of  Generals  of  Divisions,  or  I>ri<rades,  is 
$301.  Privates  and  non-commissioned  officers  receive  one 
ration  a  day,  and  a  yearly  allowance  for  clothini^.  Commis- 
sioned officers  are  not  allowed  to  draw  rations. 


REPRESENTATION  AND  ELECTORAL  VOTE  OF 
THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES,  IN  THE  I'lRST 
CONGRESS. 

The  first  Congress  of  the  Confederate  States,  under  the 
permanent  (Constitution,  will  be  composed  of  twenty-two 
Senators  and  eighty-seven  Representatives. 

The  representation  will  be  as  follows,  being  in  the  ratio  of 
one  member  for  every  1)0,000  of  population,  on  the  Federal 
basis,  counting  three-fifths  for  slaves. 

We  add,  in  a  separate  column,  the  Electoral  vote  of  each 
State  in  the  Confederacy  : 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEPUL    KNOWLEDGE.  37 

Representation,    Votes. 

Virginia 16  18 

North  Carolina 10  12 

South  Carolina 6  8 

Georgia 10  12 

Florida 2  4 

Alabama 9  11 

Louisiana G  8 

Texas 6  8 

Arkansas 4  6 

Mississippi 7  9 

Tenuessee 11  13 

87  109 


38  THE    CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 


corvsxiTXJTioisr 

OF    THE 

CONFEDEEATE  STATES  OF  AMEEICA. 


We,  the  people  of  the  Confederate  States,  each  State  acting  in  its 
sovereign  and  independent  character,  in  order  to  form  a  permanent 
federal  government,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity, 
and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity — 
invoking  the  favor  and  guidance  of  Almighty  God — do  ordain  and 
establish  this  Constitution  for  the  Confederate  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE    I. 

SECTION  I. 

All  legislative  powers  herein  delegated  shall  be  vested  in  a  Con- 
gress of  the  Confederate  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and 
House  of  Representatives. 

SECTION  II. 

1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year,  by  the  people  of  the  several  States  ;  and 
the  electors  in  each  State  shall  be  citizens  of  the  Confederate  States, 
and  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  nume- 
rous branch  of  the  State  Legislature  ;  but  no  person  of  foreign  birth, 
not  a  citizen  of  the  Confederate  States,  shall  be  allowed  to  vote  for 
any  officer,  civil  or  political.  State  or  Federal. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  be  a  citizen  of  the  Confederate 
States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that 
State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  Direct  Taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among 
the  several  States,  which  may  be  included  within  this  Confederacy, 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined,  by 
adding  to  the  whole  number  of  free  persons,  including  those  bound 
to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not  taxed, 
three -fifths  of  all  slaves.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  be  made 
within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the 
Confederate  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years, 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  39 

in  such  manner  as  they  shall,  by  law,  direct.  The  number  of  Re- 
presentatives shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  fifty  thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  least  one  Representative ;  and  until  such  enume- 
ration shall  be  made,  the  State  of  South  Carolina  shall  be  entitled 
to  choose  six — the  State  of  Georgia,  ten — the  State  of  Alabama, 
nine — The  State  of  Florida,  two — the  State  of  Mississippi,  seven — 
the  State  of  Louisiana,  six — and  the  State  of  Texas,  six. 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State, 
the  Executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill 
such  vacancies. 

5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and 
other  officers ;   and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment ;  ex- 
cept that  any  judicial  or  other  federal  officers  resident  and  acting  ' 
solely  within  the  limits  of  any  State,  may  be  impeached  by  a  vote  of 
two-thirds  of  both  branches  of  the  Legislature  thereof. 

SECTION  III. 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  Confederate  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  for  six  years  by  the  Legislature 
thereof,  at  the  regular  session  next  immediately  preceding  the  com- 
mencement of  the  term  of  service ;  and  each  Senator  shall  have  one 
vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled,  in  consequence  of 
the  first  election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into 
three  classes.  The  seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be 
vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year ;  of  the  second  class, 
at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year ;  and  of  the  third  class,  at  the 
expiration  of  the  sixth  year;  so  that  one-third  maybe  chosen  every 
second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation,  or  otherwise, 
during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive 
thereof  may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of 
the  Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the 
age  of  thirty  years,  and  be  a  citizen  of  the  Confederate  States ;  and 
who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  for  which 
he  shall  be  chosen. 

4.  The  Vice-President  of  the  Confederate  States  shall  be  President 
of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  shall  be  equally  di- 
vided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers;  and  also  a  Presi- 
dent 2^'''o  tempore  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he 
shall  exercise  the  office  of  President  of  the  Confederate  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments. 
When  sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation. 
When  tlie  President  of  the  Confederate  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Jus- 
tice shall  preside  ;  and  no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  con- 
currence of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further 


40  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

than  to  removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy- 
any  office  of  honor  or  profit,  under  tlie  Confederate  States ;  but  the 
party  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  liable  and  subject  to  indict- 
ment, trial,  judgment,  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

SECTION  IV. 

1.  The  time,  place,  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 
and  Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legis- 
lature thereof,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  Constitution;  but  the 
Congress  may,  at  any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such  regulations, 
except  as  to  the  times  and  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year ;  and 
such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they 
shall,  by  law,  appoint  a  different  day. 

SECTION  V. 

1.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  con- 
stitute a  quorum  to  do  business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn 
from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of 
absent  members,  in  such  manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each 
House  may  provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish 
its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of 
two-thirds  of  the  whole  number,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from 
time  to  time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may,  in  tlieir 
judgment,  require  secrecy  ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members 
of  either  House,  on  any  question,  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of 
those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without 
the  consent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to 
any  other  place  than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

SECTION  VI. 

1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
treasury  of  the  Confederate  States.  They  shall,  in  all  cases,  except 
treason,  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during 
their  attendance  at  the  session  of  tlieir  respective  Houses,  and  in 
going  to  and  returning  from  the  same  ;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate 
in  either  House,  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which 
he  was  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority 
of  the  Confederate  States,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the 
emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time ; 
and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  Confederate  States  shall 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  41 

be  a  member  of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in  office.  But 
Congress  mn.j,  by  law,  grant  to  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the 
Executive  Departments  a  seat  upon  the  floor  of  either  House,  with 
the  privilege  of  discussing  any  measures  appertaining  to  his  depart- 
ment. 

SECTION    VII. 

1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of  Re- 
presentatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amend- 
ments, as  on  ather  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  Houses,  shall,  before  it 
becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  Confederate 
States ;  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  the  House  in  which  it  shall  have  origina- 
ted, who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journals,  and 
proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after  such  reconsideration,  two-thirds 
of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together 
with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be 
reconsidered ;  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House,  it  shall 
become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases,  the  votes  of  both  Houses  shall 
be  detei'mined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  persons  voting  for  or  against 
the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  House  respectively. 
If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the 
same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the 
Congress,  by  their  adjournment,  prevent  its  return  ;  in  which  case 
it  sliall  not  be  a  law.  The  President  may  approve  any  appropriation 
and  disapprove  any  other  appropriation  in  the  same  bill.  In  such 
case  he  shall,  in  signing  the  bill,  designate  the  appropriations  disap- 
proved ;  and  shall  return  a  copy  of  such  appropriations,  with  his  ob- 
jections, to  the  House  in  which  the  bill  shall  have  originated,  and  the 
same  proceedings  shall  then  be  had  as  in  case  of  other  bills  disap- 
proved by  the  President. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote,  to  which  the  concurrence  of 
both  Houses  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment) shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  Confederate  States ; 
and  before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him ;  or, 
being  disapproved  by  him,  may  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  both 
Houses,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  case  of 
a  bill. 

SECTION   VIII. 

The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises,  for  reve- 
nue necessary  to  pay  the  debts,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  and 
carry  on  the  Government  of  the  Confederate  States ;  but  no  bounties 
shall  be  granted  from  the  treasury  ;  nor  shall  any  duties  or  taxes  on 
importations  from  foreign  nations  be  laid  to  promote  or  foster  any 
branch  of  industry ;  and  all  duties,  imposts,  and  excises  shall  be 
uniform  tliroughout  the  Confederate  States: 


42  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  Confederate  States : 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  sev- 
eral States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes  ;  but  neither  this,  nor  any  other 
clause  contained  in  the  Constitution,  shall  ever  be  construed  to  del- 
egate the  power  to  Congress  to  appropriate  money  for  any  internal 
improvement  intended  to  facilitate  commerce,  except  for  the  purpose 
of  furnishing  lights,  beacons,  and  buoys,  and  other  aids  to  naviga- 
tion upon  the  coasts,  and  the  improvement  of  harbors,  and  the  re- 
moving of  obstructions  in  river  navigation,  in  all  which  cases,  such 
duties  shall  be  laid  on  the  navigation  facilitated  thereby,  as  may  be 
necessary  to  pay  the  costs  and  expenses  thereof: 

4.  To  establish  uniform  laws  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws 
on  the  subject  of  bankruptcies,  throughout  the  Confederate  States ; 
but  no  law  of  Congress  shall  discharge  any  debt  contracted  before 
the  passage  of  the  same  : 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin, 
and  fix  the  standard  of  weights  and  measures  : 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities 
and  current  coin  of  the  Confederate  States : 

7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  post  routes ;  but  the  expenses  of 
the  Postoffice  Department,  after  the  first  day  of  March,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-three,  shall  be  paid  out  of 
its  own  revenues : 

8.  To  pi'omote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing 
for  limited  times  to  authors  and  inventors  the  exclusive  right  to  their 
respective  writings  and  discoveries : 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court : 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the 
high  seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations  : 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and 
make  rules  concerning  captures  on  land  and  water  : 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropriation  of  money 
to  that  use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years  : 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy  : 

14.  To  make  rules  for  government  and  the  regulation  of  the  land 
and  naval  forces  : 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of 
the  Confederate  States,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions  : 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  mili- 
tia, and  for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the 
service  of  the  Confederate  States ;  reserving  to  the  States,  respect- 
ively, the  appointment  of  the  officers,  and  the  authority  of  training 
the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  Congress: 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over 
such  district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of 
one  or  more  States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the 
seat  of  the  Government  of  the  Confederate  States ;  and  to  exercise 
like  authority  over  all  the  places  purchased  by  the  consent  of  the 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  43 

legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection 
of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  build- 
ings ;  and 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  car- 
rying into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers 
vested  by  this  Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  Confederate 
States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

SECTION   IX. 

1.  The  importation  of  negroes  of  the  African  race,  from  any  for- 
eign country,  other  than  the  slaveholding  States  or  Territories  of  the 
United  States  of  America,  is  hereby  forbidden ;  and  Congress  is  re- 
quired to  pass  such  laws  as  shall  eifcctually  prevent  the  same: 

2.  Congress  shall  also  have  power  to  prohibit  the  introduction  of 
slaves  from  any  State  not  a  member  of,  or  Territory  not  belonging 
to,  this  Confederacy. 

3.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public 
safety  may  require  it. 

4.  No  bill  of  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  denying  or  im- 
pairing the  right  of  property  in  negro  slaves,  shall  be  passed. 

5.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  pro- 
portion to  the  census  or  enumeration  hereinbefore  directed  to  be 
taken. 

6.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State, 
except  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  both  Houses. 

7.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or 
revenue  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another. 

8.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury,  but  in  conse- 
quence of  appropriations  made  by  law  ;  and  a  regular  statement 
and  account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money 
shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

9.  Congress  shall  appropriate  no  money  from  the  Tre/isury,  ex- 
cept by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  both  Houses,  taken  by  yeas  and  nays, 
unless  it  be  asked  and  estimated  for  by  some  one  of  the  heads  of  the 
Department,  and  submitted  to  Congress  by  the  President ;  or  for 
the  purpose  of  paying  its  own  expenses  and  contingencies ;  or  for 
the  payment  of  claims  against  the  Confederate  States,  the  justice  of 
which  shall  hate  been  judicially  declared  by  a  tribunal  for  the  in- 
vestigation of  claims  against  the  Government,  which  it  is  hereby 
made  the  duty  of  Congress  to  establish. 

10.  All  bills  appropriating  money  shall  specify  in  Federal  cur- 
rency the  exact  amount  of  each  appropriation,  and  the  purposes  for 
which  it  is  made  ;  and  Congress  shall  grant  no  extra  compensation 
to  any  public  contractor,  officer,  agent,  or  servant,  after  such  con- 
tract shall  have  been  made  or  such  service  rendered. 

11.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  Confederate  States; 
and  no  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall, 


44  THE    CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

without  the  Consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolu- 
ments, office,  or  titles  of  any  kind  -whatevei',  from  any  king,  prince, 
or  foreign  State. 

12.  Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of 
religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the 
freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press  ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peacea- 
bly to  assemble  and  petition  the  Government  for  a  redress  of 
grievances. 

13.  A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessarj'-  to  the  security  of  a 
free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not 
be  infringed. 

14.  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner ;  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a 
manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

15.  The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,  and  effects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall 
not  be  violated  ;  and  no  warrant  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause, 
supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly  describing  the 
place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

IG.  No  i^erson  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise 
infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand 
jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the 
militia,  when  in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor 
shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  oflfence  to  be  twice  put  in 
jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  be  compelled,  in  any  criminal  case,  to 
be  a  witness  against  himself;  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty,  or 
property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be 
taken  for  public  use,  without  just  copipensation. 

17.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right 
to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and 
district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district 
shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  of 
the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the 
witnesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining 
witnesses  in  his  favor ;  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his 
defence. 

18.  In  suits  at  common  law  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall 
exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  ; 
and  no  fact  so  tried  by  a  juiy  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any 
court  of  the  Confederacy,  than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common 
law, 

19.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  be  im- 
posed, nor  cruel  and  unjust  punishments  be  inflicted. 

20.  Every  law,  or  resolution  having  the  force  of  law,  shall  relate 
to  but  one  subject,  and  that  shall  be  expressed  in  the  title. 

SECTION   X. 

1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation; 


AND    REPOSITORY   OF    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  45 

grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin  money  ;  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill 
of  attainder,  or  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of 
contracts ;  or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any 
imposts,  or  duties  on  imposts  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  executing  its  inspection  laws  ;  and  the  net  pro- 
duce of  all  duties  and  imposts,  laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or 
exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  Confederate 
States  ;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control 
of  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty 
of  tonnage,  except  on  sea-going  vessels,  for  the  improvement  of  its 
rivers  and  harbors  navigated  by  the  said  vessels ;  but  such  duties 
shall  not  conflict  with  any  treaties  of  the  Confederate  States  with 
foreign  nations ;  and  any  surplus  or  revenue,  thus  derived,  shall, 
after  making  such  improvements,  be  paid  into  the  common  treasury; 
nor  shall  any  State  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace, 
enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a 
foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such 
imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay.  But  when  any  river 
divides  or  flows  through  two  or  more  States,  they  may  enter  into 
compacts  with  each  other  to  improve  the  navigation  thereof. 

ARTICLE    II. 

SECTION    I. 

1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the  Con- 
federate States  of  America.  He  and  the  Vice-President  shall  hold 
their  offices  for  the  term  of  six  years ;  but  the  President  shall  not  be 
re-eligible.  The  President  and  Vice-President  shall  be  elected  as 
follows : 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislature 
thereof  may  direct,  a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number 
of  Senators  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled 
in  the  Congress;  but  no  Senator  or  Representative,  or  person  holding 
an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  Confederate  States,  shall  be  ap- 
pointed an  elector. 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States  and  vote  by 
ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall 
not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall 
name  in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  dis- 
tinct ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  they  shall 
make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all 
persons  voted  for  as  Vice-President,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for 
each,  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to 
the  government  of  the  Confcdei-ate  States,  directed  to  the  President 
of  the  Senate ;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of 


46  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates, 
and  the  vote  shall  tlien  be  counted  ;  the  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  for  President  shall  be  tlie  President,  if  such  number 
be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed  ;  and  if  no 
person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  persons  having  the  highest 
numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those  voted  for  as  Pres- 
ident, the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediately,  by 
ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  vote  shall 
be  taken  b}"-  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one 
vote  ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  mem- 
bers from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States 
shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives shall  not  choose  a  President,  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall 
devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  Vice-President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  case  of  the 
death  or  other  Constitutional  disability  of  the  President. 

4.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of 
the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  a 
majority,  then,  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list  of  the  Sen- 
ate shall  choose  the  Vice-President ;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall 
consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  major- 
ity of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

5.  No  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  ofl&ce  of  President, 
shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of  the  Confederate 
States. 

6.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors, 
and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes ;  which  day  shall 
be  the  same  throughout  the  Confederate  States. 

7.  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen  of  the  Confederate 
States,  or  a  citizen  thereof,  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution, or  a  citizen  thereof  born  in  the  United  States  prior  to  the 
20th  of  December,  18G0,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President ; 
neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have 
attained  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resi- 
dent within  the  limits  of  the  Confederate  States,  as  they  may  exist 
at  the  time  of  his  election. 

8.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his 
death,  resignation,  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of 
the  said  office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President;  and 
the  Congress  may,  by  law,  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,  death, 
resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the  President  and  Vice-President, 
declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  President,  and  such  officer 
shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be  removed  or  a  President 
shall  be  elected. 

9.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a 
compensation  which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during 
the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected ;  and  he  shall  not 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  47 

receive  within  that  period  any  other  emolument  from  the  Confede- 
rate States,  or  any  of  them. 

10.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation  : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear — or  affirm — that  I  will  faithfully  execute 
the  office  of  President  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  will,  to  the  best 
of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  Constitution  thereof." 

SECTION   II. 

1.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
States,  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  Confederate  States; 
he  may  require  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in 
each  of  the  Executive  Departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the 
duties  of  their  respective  offices :  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant 
reprieves  and  pardons  for  oftences  against  the  Confederate  States, 
except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of 
the  Senate,  to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators 
present  concur ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  public 
ministers  and  consuls.  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  and  all  other 
officers  of  the  Confederate  States,  whose  appointments  are  not  herein 
otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established  by  law;  but 
the  Congress  may,  by  law,  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior  offi- 
cers, as  they  think  proper,  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  Courts  of 
Law,  or  in  the  heads  of  Departments. 

3.  The  principal  in  each  of  the  Executive  Departments,  and  all 
persons  connected  with  the  diplomatic  service,  may  be  removed  from 
office  at  the  pleasure  of  the  President.  All  other  civil  officers  of  the 
Executive  Department,  may  be  removed  at  any  time  by  the  Presi- 
dent, or  other  appointing  power,  when  their  services  are  unneces- 
sary, or  for  dishonesty,  incapacity,  inefficiency,  misconduct,  or  neglect 
of  duty ;  and  when  so  removed,  the  removal  shall  be  reported  to  the 
Senate,  together  with  the  reasons  therefor. 

4.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  all  vacancies  that  may 
happen  during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions 
which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session ;  but  no  person 
rejected  by  the  Senate  shall  be  re-appointed  to  the  same  office  during 
their  ensuing  recess. 

SECTION   III. 

1.  The  President  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  Congress 
information  of  the  state  of  the  Confederacy,  and  recommend  to  their 
consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expe- 
dient; he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  both  Houses,  or 
either  of  them ;  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  them,  with 
respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such 


48  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and 
other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully 
executed,  and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  Confederate 
States. 

SECTIOK    IV. 

1.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  Con- 
federate States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for, 
and  conviction  of  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misde- 
meanors. 

ARTICLE   III. 

SECTION   I. 

1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  Confederate  States  shall  be  vested  in 
one  Superior  Court,  and  in  such  Inferior  Courts  as  the  Congress  may 
from  time  to  time  order  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Su- 
perior and  Inferior  Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  be- 
havior, and  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their  services  a  com- 
pensation, which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in 
office. 

SECTION   II. 

1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  arising  under  this 
Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  Confederate  States,  and  treaties  made, 
or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority ;  to  all  cases 
aifectiug  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and  consuls ;  to  all 
cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ;  to  controversies  to 
which  the  Confederate  States  shall  be  a  party  ;  to  controversies  be- 
tween two  or  more  States ;  between  a  State  and  citizens  of  another 
State,  where  the  State  is  plaintiif ;  between  citizens  claiming  lands 
under  grants  from  diiferent  States ;  and  between  the  State,  or  the 
citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens,  or  subjects;  but  no 
State  shall  be  sued  by  a  citizen  or  subject  of  any  foreign  State. 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers,  and 
consuls,  and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  other  cases  before- 
mentioned,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both 
as  to  law  and  facts,  with  such  exceptions,  and  under  such  regula- 
tions, as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall 
be  by  jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said 
crime  shall  have  been  committed ;  but  when  not  committed  within 
any  State,  the  trial  shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress 
may  by  law  have  directed, 

SECTION   III. 

1.  Treasan  against  the  Confederate  States  shall  consist  only  in 
levying  war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving 
them  aid  and  comfort.     No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  un- 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  49 

less  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on 
confession  in  open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of 
treason,  but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood, 
or  forfeiture,  except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE    IV. 

SECTION  I. 

1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And 
the  Congress  may,  by  general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which 
such  acts,  records,  and  proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect 
thereof. 

SECTION    II. 

1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  the  privileges 
and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States,  and  shall  have  the 
right  of  transit  and  sojourn  in  any  State  of  the  Confederacy,  with 
their  slaves  and  other  property ;  and  the  right  of  property  in  said 
slaves  shall  not  be  thereby  impaired. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other 
crime  against  the  laws  of  such  State,  shall,  on  the  demand  of  the 
Executive  ^authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered 
up  to  be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  slave,  or  other  person  held  to  service  or  labor,  in  any  State 
or  Territory  of  the  Confederate  States,  under  the  laws  thereof, 
escaping  or  lawfully  carried  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of 
any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be  discharged  from  such  service  or 
labor ;  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the  party  to  whom  such 
slave  belongs,  or  to  whom  such  labor  or  service  may  be  due. 

SECTION   III. 

1.  other  States  may  be  admitted  into  this  Confederacy  by  a  vote 
of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  House  of  Representatives,  and  two-thirds 
of  the  Senate,  the  Senate  voting  by  States ;  hut  no  new  State  shall 
be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  State ;  nor 
any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or 'parts 
of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  con- 
cerned, as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  need- 
ful rules  and  regulations  concerning  the  property  of  the  Confederate 
States,  including  the  lands  thereof. 

3.  The  Confederate  States  may  acquire  new  territory  ;  and  Congress 
shall  have  power  to  legislate  and  provide  governments  for  the  inliab- 
itants  of  all  territory  belonging  to  the  Confederate  States,  lying 
without  the  limits  of  the  several  States ;  and  may  permit  them,  at 

3 


50  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

such  times,  and  in  such  manner,  as  it  may  by  law  provide,  to  form 
States  to  be  admitted  into  the  Confederacy.  In  all  such  territory, 
the  institution  of  negro  slavery,  as  it  now  exists  in  the  Confederate 
States,  shall  be  recoguized  and  protected  by  Congress,  and  by  the 
Territorial  Government ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  several  Confed- 
erate States  and  Territories  shall  have  the  right  to  take  to  such  ter- 
ritory any  slaves,  lawfully  held  by  them  in  any  of  the  States  or  Ter- 
ritories of  the  Confederate  States. 

4.  The  Confederate  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  that 
is  or  hereafter  may  become  a  member  of  this  Confederacy,  a  republican 
form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  inva- 
sion ;  and  on  application  of  the  Legislature  (or  of  the  Executive, 
when  the  Legislature  is  in  session,)  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE   V. 

SECTION  I. 

1.  Upon  the  demand  of  any  three  States,  legally  assembled  in 
their  several  conventions,  the  Congress  shall  summon  a  convention 
of  all  the  States,  to  take  into  consideration  such  amendments  to  the 
Constitution  as  the  said  States  all  concur  in  suggesting  at  the  time 
when  the  said  demand  is  made ;  and  should  any  of  the  proposed 
amendments  to  the  Constitution  be  agreed  on  by  the  said  conven- 
tion— voting  by  States — and  the  same  be  ratified  by  the  Legislatures 
of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  two-thirds 
thereof — as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  pro- 
posed by  the  general  convention — they  shall  thenceforward  form  a 
part  of  this  Constitution.  But  no  State  shall,  without  its  consent,  be 
deprived  of  its  equal  representation  in  the  Senate. 

ARTICLE   VI. 

1.  The  Government  established  by  this  Constitution  is  the  succes- 
sor of  the  Provisional  Government  of  the  Confederate  States  of 
America,  and  all  the  laws  passed  by  the  latter  shall  continue  in  force 
until  the  same  shall  be  repealed  or  modified;  and  all  the  officers  ap- 
pointed by  the  same  shall  remain  in  office  until  their  successors  are 
appointed  and  qualified,  or  the  offices  abolished. 

2.  All  debts  contracted,  and  engascements  entered  into,  before  the 
adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  Confeder- 
ate States  under  this  Constitution  as  under  the  Provisional  Govern- 
ment. 

3.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  Confederate  States,  made 
in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  Confederate  States,  shall  be  the  supreme 
law  of  the  land ;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  there- 
by, anything  in  the  Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary 
notwithstanding. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  51 

4.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the 
members  of  the  several  State  LegisLatures,  and  all  executive  and  ju- 
dicial officers,  both  of  the  Confederate  States  and  of  the  several 
States,  shall  be  bound  by  oatli  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Consti- 
tution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification 
to  any  office  of  public  trust  under  the  Confederate  States. 

5.  The  enumeration,  in  the  Constitution,  of  certain  rights,  shall 
not  be  construed  to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people 
of  the  several  States. 

6.  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  Confederate  States  by  the  Con- 
stitution, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the 
States,  respectively,  or  to  the  people  thereof. 

ARTICLE   VII. 

1.  The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  five  States  shall  be  suffi- 
cient for  the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so 
ratifying  the  same. 

2.  When  five  States  shall  have  ratified  this  Constitution  in  the 
manner  before  specified,  the  Congress  under  the  Provisional  Consti- 
tution shall  prescribe  the  time  for  holding  the  election  of  President 
and  Vice-President,  and  for  the  meeting  of  the  Electoral  College,  and 
for  counting  the  votes,  and  inaugurating  the  President.  They  shall, 
also,  prescribe  the  time  for  holding  the  first  election  of  members  of 
Congress  under  this  Constitution,  and  the  time  for  assembling  the 
same.  Until  the  assembling  of  such  Congress,  the  Congress  under 
tlie  Provisional  Constitution  shall  continue  to  exercise  the  legislative 
powers  granted  them ;  not  extending  beyond  the  time  limited  by 
the  Constitution  of  the  Provisional  Government. 

Adopted,  unanimously,  March  11,  18GL 


52  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 


MESSAGE  OF  PRESIDENT  DAVIS. 

DELIVERED  AT  MONTGOMERY,  APRIL  29,  1861. 


Montgomery,  April  30. — The  Congress  of  the  Confederate 
States  of  America  assembled  at  noon  yesterday,  Hon.  Howell 
Cobb,  of  Georgia,  President,  in  the  Chair. 

After  the  usual  preliminaries  of  organization  had  been  gone 
through  -with,  the  following  Message  of  his  Excellency,  Jefferson 
Davis,  President  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America,  was  re- 
ceived and  read : 

Gentlemen  of  Congress: — It  is  my  pleasing  duty  to  announce 
to  you  that  the  Constitution  framed  for  the  establishment  of  a 
permanent  Government  of  the  Confederate  States  of  America,  has 
been  ratified  by  the  several  conventions  of  each  of  those  States 
which  were  referred  to  inaugurate  the  said  Government  in  its  full 
proportions  and  upon  its  own  substantial  basis  of  the  popular 
will. 

It  only  remains  that  an  election  should  be  held  for  the  designa- 
tion of  the  oflScers  to  administer  it. 

There  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  at  no  distant  day  other 
States,  identified  in  political  principles  and  community  of  inter- 
ests with  those  which  you  represent,  will  join  tliis  Confederacy, 
giving  to  its  typical  constellation  increased  splendor,  to  its  gov- 
ernment of  free,  equal,  and  sovereign  States,  a  wider  sphere  of 
usefulness,  and  to  the  friends  of  constitutional  liberty  a  greater 
security  for  its  harmonious  and  perpetual  existence. 

It  was  not,  however,  for  the  purpose  of  making  this  announce- 
ment that  I  have  deemed  it  my  duty  to  convoke  you  at  an  earlier 
day  than  that  fixed  by  yourselves  for  your  meeting. 

The  declaration  of  war  made  against  this  Confederacy,  by 
Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United  States,  in  his  procla- 
mation, issued  on  the  15th  day  of  the  present  month,  renders  it 
necessary,  in  my  judgment,  that  you  should  convene  at  the  ear- 
liest practicable  moment  to  devise  the  measures  necessary  for  the 
defence  of  the  country. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  53 

The  occasion  is,  indeed,  an  extraordinary  one      Tf  incfifl. 

on'^f h7.''l*^f'  "^f  "^^^'^  ^Sainst  Great  Britain  by  her  colonies 
,..P?  ^It^'  *^  ^."S;"^  '^S^'"''^  '''":^  misconstruction  of  their  com 

o1fI':',*;-f' '"'"'  "''  "^^f^deration  contained  a  clause  wliereliv  all 
alterations  were  prohibited,  unless  confirmed  by  the  Le"Ts?a?ure, 

diencel^  '"■  ''^''-    '''""^  "^'"'^  *»  ^^  «>«  Cong,-e^s,  and  n    be- 
tZTYZXrTs^'  "the"'  ""  P^^*'™  °^  Con«ress'7tt 

It  was  by  the  delegates  chosen  by  the  several  Stitoo  ..^^i^    *i. 
resolution  just  nuoted,  that  the  Conititutiorof  the  United  Sh^^^^^ 


54  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

caution  -with  which  the  States  endeavored,  in  every  possible  form, 
to  exclude  the  idea  that  the  separate  and  independent  sovereignty 
of  each  State  was  merged  into  one  common  government  or  nation ; 
and  the  earnest  desire  they  evinced  to  impress  on  the  Constitu- 
tion its  true  character — that  of  a  compact  between  independent 
States — the  Constitution  of  1787,  however,  admitting  the  clause 
already  recited  from  the  articles  of  confederation,  which  pro- 
vided in  explicit  terms  that  each  State  reclaimed  its  sovereignty 
and  independence. 

Some  alarm  was  felt  in  the  States,  when  invited  to  ratify  the 
Constitution,  lest  this  omission  should  be  construed  into  an  aban- 
donment of  their  cherished  principles,  and  they  refused  to  be 
satisfied  until  amendments  were  added  to  the  Constitution,  plac- 
ing beyond  any  pretence  of  doubt  the  reservation  by  the  States 
of  their  sovereign  rights  and  powers  not  expressly  delegated  to 
the  United  States  by  the  Constitution. 

Strange  indeed  must  it  appear  to  the  impartial  observer,  but  it 
is  none  the  less  true,  that  all  these  carefully  worded  clauses  proved 
unavailing  to  prevent  the  rise  and  growth  in  the  Northern  States 
of  a  political  school  which  has  persistently  claimed  that  the  Gov- 
ernment created  by  the  States,  to  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty 
and  independence  against  foreign  aggression,  has  been  gradually 
perverted  into  a  machine  for  their  control  in  their  domestic 
affairs. 

The  creature  has  been  exalted  above  its  Creator — the  principals 
have  been  made  subordinate  to  the  agent  appointed  by  themselves. 

The  people  of  the  Southern  States,  whose  almost  exclusive 
occupation  was  agriculture,  early  perceived  a  tendency  in  the 
Northern  States  to  render  a  common  Government  subservient  to 
their  own  purposes  by  imposing  burthens  on  commerce  as  a  pro- 
tection to  their  manutacturing  and  shipping  interests. 

Long  and  angry  controversies  grew  out  of  these  attempts,  often 
successful,  to  benefit  one  section  of  the  country  at  the  expense  of 
the  other,  and  the  danger  of  disruption  arising  from  this  cause, 
was  enhanced  by  the 'fact  that  the  Northern  population  was  in- 
creating  by  immigration  and  other  causes  faster  than  the  popula- 
tion of  the  South. 

By  degrees,  as  the  Northern  States  gained  preponderance  in 
the  National  Congress,  self-interest  taught  their  people  to  yield 
ready  assent  to  any  plausible  advocacy  of  their  right  as  a  ma- 
jority to  govern  the  minority.  Without  control  they  learn  to 
listen  with  impatience  to  the  suggestion  of  any  constitutional 
impediment  to  the  exercise  of  their  will,  and  so  utterly  have  the 
principles  of  the  Constitution  been  corrupted  in  the  Northern 
mind  that,  in  the  inaugural  address  of  President  Lincoln  in 
March  last,  he  asserts  as  a  maxim,  which  he  deems  to  be  undeni- 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  55 

able,  that  the  theory  of  the  Constitution  requires,  in  all  cases, 
that  the  majority  shall  jrovern.  And  in  another  memorable  in- 
stance the  same  Chief  Mai^istrate  did  not  hesitate  to  liken  the 
relations  between  States  and  the  United  States  to  those  which 
exist  between  the  county  and  the  State  in  which  it  is  situated, 
and  by  which  it  was  created. 

This  is  the  lamental)le  and  fundamental  error  in  which  rests 
the  policy  that  has  culminated  in  his  declaration  of  war  a<z;ain8t 
these  Confederate  States — in  addition  to  the  long  continued  and 
deep-seated  resentment  felt  by  the  Southern  States  at  the  per- 
sistent abuse  of  the  powers  they  had  delegated  to  the  Congress, 
for  the  purpose  of  enriching  the  manufacturing  and  shipping 
classes  of  the  North  at  the  expense  of  the  South. 

There  has  existed  for  nearly  half  a  century  another  subject  of 
discord,  involving  interests  of  such  transcendent  magnitude  as 
at  all  times  to  create  the  apprehension  in  the  minds  of  many 
devoted  lovers  of  tlie  Union  that  its  permanence  was  impossible. 

AVhen  the  several  States  delegated  certain  powers  to  the  United 
States  Congress,  a  large  portion  of  the  laboring  population  were 
imported  into  the  colonies  by  the  mother  countr3^  In  twelve  out 
of  the  fifteen  States,  negro  slavery  existed,  and  the  right  of 
property  existing  in  slaves  was  protected  by  law ;  this  property 
Avas  recognized  by  the  Constitution,  and  provision  was  made 
against  its  loss  by  the  escape  of  the  slave. 

The  increase  in  the  number  of  slaves  by  foreign  importation 
from  Africa,  was  also  secured  by  a  clause  forbidding  Congress  to 
prohibit  the  slave  trade  anterior  to  a  certain  date,  and  in  no 
clause  can  there  ])e  found  any  delegation  of  power  to  the  Con- 
gress to  authorize  it  in  any  manner  to  legislate  to  the  prejudice, 
detriment,  or  discouragement  of  the  owners  of  that  species  of 
property,  or  excluding  it  from  the  protection  of  the  Government, 

The  climate  and  soil  of  the  Northern  States  soon  proved  un- 
propitious  to  the  continuance  of  slave  labor,  while  the  reverse 
being  the  case  at  the  South  made  unrestricted  free  intercourse 
between  the  two  sections  unfriendly. 

The  Northern  States  consulted  their  own  interests  by  selling 
their  slaves  to  the  South,  and  prohibiting  slavery  between  their 
limits.  The  South  were  willing  purchasers  of  property  suitable 
to  their  wants,  and  paid  the  price  of  the  acquisition  without  har- 
boring a  suspicion  that  their  quiet  possession  was  to  be  disturbed 
l)y  those  who  were  not  only  in  want  of  Constitutional  authority, 
but  by  good  faith  as  vendors,  from  disquieting  a  title  emanating 
from  themselves. 

As  soon,  however,  as  the  Northern  States  that  prohibited  Afri- 
can slavery  within  their  limits  had  reached  a  number  sufficient 
to  give  their  representation  a  controlling  vote  in  the  Congress,  a 


56  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

persistent  and  organized  system  of  hostile  measures  against  the 
rights  of  the  owners  of  slaves  in  the  Southern  States  was  inau- 
gurated and  gradually  extended.  A  series  of  measures  was 
devised  and  prosecuted  for  the  purpose  of  rendering  insecure  the 
tenure  of  property  in  slaves. 

Fanatical  organizations,  supplied  with  money  by  voluntary 
subscriptions,  were  assiduously  engaged  in  exciting  amongst  the 
slaves  a  spirit  of  discontent  and  revolt.  Means  were  furnished 
for  their  escape  from  their  owners,  and  agents  secretly  employed 
to  entice  them  to  abscond. 

The  constitutional  provision  for  their  rendition  to  their  owners 
was  first  evaded,  then  openly  denounced  as  a  violation  of  con- 
scientious obligation  and  religious  duty.  Men  Avere  taught  that 
it  was  a  merit  to  elude,  disobey,  and  violently  oppose  the  execu- 
tion of  the  laws  enacted  to  secure  the  performance  of  the  promise 
contained  in  the  constitutional  compact.  Often  owners  of  slaves 
were  mobbed  and  even  murdered  in  open  day,  solely  for  applying 
to  a  magistrate  for  the  arrest  of  a  fugitive  slave. 

The  dogmas  of  the  voluntary  organization  soon  obtained  con- 
trol of  the  Legislatures  of  many  of  the  Northern  States,  and 
laws  were  passed  for  the  punishment,  by  ruinous  fines  and  long 
continued  imprisonment  in  jails  and  penitentiaries,  of  citizens  of 
the  Southern  States  who  should  dare  ask  aid  of  the  officers  of  the 
law  for  the  recovery  of  their  property.  Emboldened  by  success, 
on  the  theatre  of  agitation  and  aggression,  against  the  clearly 
expressed  constitutional  rights  of  the  Congress,  Senators  and 
Kepresentatives  were  sent  to  the  common  councils  of  the  nation, 
whoso  chief  title  to  this  distinction  consisted  in  the  display  of 
ultra  fanaticism,  and  whose  business  was  not  to  promote  the 
general  welfare,  or  ensure  domestic  tranquillity,  but  to  awaken 
the  bitterest  hatred  against  the  citizens  of  sister  States  by  violent 
denunciation  of  their  institutions. 

The  transaction  of  public  affViirs  was  impeded  by  the  repeated 
efforts  to  usurp  powers  not  delegated  by  the  Constitution,  for  the 
purpose  of  impairing  the  security  pf  the  property  in  slaves,  and 
reducing  those  States  which  held  slaves  to  a  condition  of  in- 
feriority. 

Finally,  a  great  party  has  organized  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing the  administration  of  the  Government,  with  the  avowed  object 
of  using  its  power  for  the  total  exclusion  of  the  slave  States  from 
all  participation  in  the  benefits  of  the  public  domain,  acquired 
by  all  the  States  in  common,  whether  by  conquest  or  purchase, 
surrounding  them  entirely  by  States  in  which  slavery  should  be 
prohibited,  thus  rendering  the  property  in  slaves  so  insecure  as 
to  be  comparatively  worthless,  and  thereby  annihilating  in  efiect 
property  worth  thousands  of  millions  of  dollars. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  57 

This  party,  thus  organized,  succeeded  in  the  month  of  Novcm- 
Tjer  last  in  the  election  of  its  candidate  for  the  Presidency  of  the 
United  States. 

In  the  meantime,  under  the  mild  and  genial  climate  of  the 
Southern  States,  land  the  increasing  care  for  the  well-being  and 
comfort  of  the  laboring  classes,  dictated  alike  by  interest  and 
humanity,  the  African  slaves  had  augmented  in  number  from 
about  six  hundred  thousand,  at  the  date  of  the  adoption  of  the 
constitutional  compact,  to  upwards  of  four  millions. 

In  a  moral  and  social  condition  they  had  been  elevated  from 
l)rutal  savages  into  docile,  intelligent,  and  civili2;cd  agricultural 
laborers,  and  supplied  not  only  with  bodily  comforts,  but  with 
careful  religious  instructions  under  the  supervision  of  a  superior 
race.  Their  labor  had  been  so  directed  as  not  only  to  allow  a 
gradual  and  marked  amelioration  of  their  own  condition,  but  to 
convert  hundreds  of  thousands  of  square  miles  of  the  wilderness 
into  cultivated  lands,  covered  with  a  prosperous  people.  Towns© 
and  cities  had  sprung  into  existence,  and  it  rapidly  increased  in 
wealth  and  population  under  the  social  system  of  the  South. 

The  white  population  of  the  Southern  slaveholding  States  had 
augmented  from  about  1,250,000  at  the  date  of  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution,  to  more  than  8,500,000  in  18G0,  and  the  produc- 
tions of  the  South  in  cotton,  rice,  sugar,  and  tobacco,  for  the  full 
development  and  continuance  of  which  the  labor  of  African 
slaves  was  and  is  indispensable,  had  swollen  to  the  amount  which 
formed  nearly  three-fourths  of  tlie  export  of  the  whole  United 
States,  and  had  become  absolutely  necessary  to  the  wants  of 
civilized  man. 

With  interests  of  such  overwhelming  magnitude  imperiled,  the 

Seople  of  the  Southern  States  were  driven  by  the  conduct  of  the 
[orth  to  the  adoption  of  some  course  of  action  to  avoid  the  dan- 
gers which  were  openly  menaced.  With  this  view  the  Legisla- 
tures of  the  several  States  invited  the  people  to'  select  delegates 
to  conventions,  to  be  held  for  the  purpose  of  determining  for 
themselves  what  measures  were  best  to  be  adopted  to  meet  so 
alarming  a  crisis  in  their  history. 

Here  it  may  be  proper  to  observe  that,  from  a  period  as  early 
as  1798,  there  had  existed  in  all  of  the  States  of  tlie  Union  a 
party  almost  uninterruptedly  in  the  majority,  based  upon  tlie 
creed  that  each  State  was,  in  the  last  resort,  the  sole  judge  as 
well  of  its  wrongs  as  the  mode  and  measures  of  redress.  Indeed, 
it  is  obvious  that  under  the  law  of  nations  this  principle  is  an 
axiom  as  applied  to  the  relations  of  independent  sovereign  States, 
such  as  those  which  had  united  themselves  under  the  constitu- 
tional compact. 

The  Democratic  party  of  the  United  States  repeated  in  its  sue- 


58  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

cessful  canvass  in  183G,  the  deductions  made  in  numerous  pre- 
vious political  contests,  that  it  would  faithfully  abide  by,  and 
uphold  the  principles  laid  down  in  the  Kentucky  and  Virginia 
Legislatures  in  1799,  and  that  it  adopts  those  principles  as  con- 
Btituting  one  of  the  main  foundations  of  its  political  creed. 

The  principles  thus  emphatically  announced,  embrace  that  to 
which  I  have  already  adverted — the  right  of  each  State  to  judge 
of  and  redress  the  wrongs  of  which  it  complains.  Their  princi- 
ples were  maintained  by  overwhelming  majorities  of  the  people 
of  ail  the  States  of  the  Union  at  different  elections,  especially  in 
the  election  of  Mr.  Jefferson  in  1805,  Mr.  Madison  in  1809,  and 
Mr.  Pierce  in  1852.  In  the  exercise  of  a  right  so  ancient,  so 
well  established,  and  so  necessary  for  self-preservation,  the  people 
of  the  Confederate  States,  in  their  conventions,  determined  that 
the  wrongs  which  they  had  suffered,  and  the  evils  with  which  they 
were  menaced,  required  that  they  should  revoke  the  delegation  of 
j)0wer8  to  the  Federal  Government  which  they  had  ratified  in 
their  several  conventions.  They  consequently  passed  ordinances 
resuming  all  their  rights  as  sovereign  and  independent  States, 
and  dissolved  their  connection  with  the  other  States  of  the  Union. 
Having  done  this,  they  proceeded  to  form  a  new  compact  amongst 
themselves  by  new  articles  of  confederation,  which  have  been  also 
ratified  by  conventions  of  the  several  States,  with  an  approach  to 
unanimity  far  exceeding  that  of  the  conventions  which  adopted 
the  constitutions  of  1787.  They  have  organized  their  new  Gov- 
ernment in  all  its  departments.  The  functions  of  the  executive, 
legislative,  and  judicial  magistrates,  are  performed  in  accordance 
with  the  will  of  the  people,  as  displayed  not  merely  in  a  cheerful 
acquiescence,  but  in  the  enthusiastic  support  of  the  Government 
thus  established  by  themselves,  and  but  for  the  interference  of 
the  Government  of  the  United  States,  this  legitimate  exercise  of 
a  people  to  self-government  has  been  manifested  in  every  possible 
form. 

Scarce  had  you  assembled  in  February  last,  when,  prior  even 
to  the  inauguration  of  the  Chief  Magistrate  you  had  elected, 
you  passed  a  resolution  expressive  of  your  desire  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  commissioners,  and  for  the  settlement  of  all  questions  of 
disagreement  between  the  two  Governments,  upon  principles  of 
right,  justice,  equity,  and  good  faith. 

It  was  my  pleasure,  as  well  as  my  duty,  to  cooperate  with  you 
in  this  work  of  peace.  Indeed,  in  my  address  to  you  on  taking 
the  oath  of  office,  and  before  receiving  from  you  the  communica- 
tion of  this  resolution,  I  had  said  that  "  as  a  necessity,  not  as  a 
choice,  we  have  resorted  to  the  remedy  of  separating,  and  hence- 
forth our  energies  must  be  directed  to  the  conduct  of  our  own 
affairs,  and  the  perpetuity  of  the  Confederacy  which  we  have 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  59 

formed.  If  a  just  perception  of  mutual  interest  shall  permit  us 
to  peaceably  pursue  our  separate  political  career,  my  most  earnest 
desire  will  then  have  been  fulfilled.^' 

It  was  in  furtherance  of  these  accordant  views  of  the  Congress 
and  Executive,  that  I  made  choice  of  three  discreet,  able,  and 
distinguished  citizens,  who  repaired  to  Washington.  Aided  by 
their  cordial  cooperation,  and  that  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  every 
eifort  compatible  with  self-respect  and  the  dignity  of  the  Con- 
federacy, was  exhausted  before  I  allowed  myself  to  yield  to  the 
conviction  that  the  government  of  the  United  States  was  deter- 
mined to  attempt  the  conquest  of  this  people,  and  that  our  cher- 
ished hopes  of  peace  were  unobtainable. 

On  the  arrival  of  our  Commissioners  in  Washington,  on  the 
5th  of  March,  they  postponed,  at  the  suggestion  of  a  friendly 
intermediator,  doing  more  than  giving  informal  notice  of  their 
arrival.  This  was  done  with  a  view  to  afi'ord  time  to  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  who  had  just  been  inaugurated,  for 
the  discharge  of  other  pressing  official  duties  in  the  organization 
of  hisadministration,  before  engaging  his  attention  to  the  object 
of  their  mission. 

It  was  not  until  the  12th  of  the  month  that  they  officially 
addressed  the  Secretary  of  State,  informing  him  of  the  purpose 
of  their  arrival,  and  stating,  in  the  language  of  their  instructions, 
their  wish  to  make  to  the  government  of  the  United  States  over- 
tures for  the  opening  of  negotiations,  assuring  the  govemment  of 
the  United  States  that  the  President,  Congress,  and  people  of  the 
Confederate  States,  desired  a  peaceful  solution  of  these  great 
questions — tliat  it  is  neither  thoir  interest  nor  their  wish  to  make 
any  demand  which  is  not  founded  on  the  strictest  principles  of 
justice,  nor  to  do  any  act  to  injure  tlieir  late  confederates. 

To  this  communication  no  formal  reply  was  received  until  the 
8th  of  April.  During  the  interval  the  Commissioners  had  con- 
sented to  waive  all  questions  of  form,  with  the  firm  resolve  to 
avoid  war  if  possilile.  They  went  so  fiir  even  as  to  hold,  during 
that  long  period,  unofficial  intercourse  through  an  intermediary, 
whose  high  position  and  character  inspired  the  hope  of  success, 
and  through  whom  constant  assurances  were  received  from  the 
Government  of  the  United  States  of  peaceful  intentions — of  its 
determination  to  evacuate  Fort  Sumter;  and  further,  that  no 
measure  changing  the  existing  status  prejudicially  to  the  Con- 
federate States  was  in  contemplation ;  that  in  the  event  of  any 
change  in  regard  to  Fort  Pickens,  notice  would  be  given  to  the 
Commissioners. 

The  crooked  path  of  diplomacy  can  scarcely  furnish  an  exam- 
ple so  wanting  in  courtesy,  in  candor,  and  directness,  as  was  the 
course  of  the  United  States  Government  towards  our  Commis- 


60  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

sioners  in  Washinirton.  For  proof  of  this,  I  refer  to  the  annexed 
documents  marked,  taken  in  connection  with  further  facts,  which 
I  now  proceed  to  rehite. 

Early  in  April,  the  attention  of  the  whole  country  was  attracted 
to  extraordinary  preparations  for  an  extensive  military  and  naval 
expedition  in  New  York  and  other  Northern  ports.  These  pre- 
parations commenced  in  secrecy,  for  an  expedition  whose  destina- 
tion was  concealed,  and  only  became  known  when  nearly  com- 
pleted; and  on  the  5th,  6th  and  7th  of  April,  transports  and 
vessels  of  war,  with  troops,  munitions,  and  military  supplies, 
sailed  from  Northern  ports  bound  Southward. 

Alarmed  by  so  extraordinary  a  demonstration,  the  Commis- 
sioners requested  th-e  delivery  of  an  answer  to  their  official  com- 
munication of  the  12th  of  March,  and  the  reply  dated  on  the  15th 
of  the  previous  month,  from  which  it  appears  that  during  the 
whole  interval,  whilst  the  Commissioners  were  receiving  assur- 
ances calculated  to  inspire  hope  of  the  success  of  their  mission, 
the  Secretary  of  State  and  the  President  of  the  United  States 
had  already  determined  to  hold  no  intercourse  with  them  what- 
ever— to  refuse  even  to  listen  to  any  proposals  they  had  to  make, 
and  had  profited  by  the  delay  created  by  their  own  assurances, 
in  order  to  prepare  secretly  the  means  for  effective  hostile 
operations. 

That  these  assurances  were  given,  has  been  virtually  confessed 
by  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  by  its  act  of  sending  a 
messenger  to  Charleston  to  give  notice  of  its  purpose  to  use  force 
if  opposed  in  its  intentions  of  supplying  Fort  Sumter. 

No  more  striking  proof  of  the  absence  of  good  faith  in  the 
confidence  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States  toAvards  the 
Confederacy  can  be  required  than  is  contained  in  the  circum- 
stances which  accompanied  this  notice. 

According  to  the  usual  course  of  navigation,  the  vessels  com- 
posing the  expedition,  and  designed  for  the  relief  of  Fort  Sumter, 
might  he  looked  for  in  the  Charleston  harbor  on  the  9th  of  April. 
Yet  our  Commissioners  in  Washington  were  detained  under  assur- 
ances that  notice  should  be  given  of  any  military  movement. 

The  notice  was  not  addressed  to  them,  but  a  messenger  was 
sent  to  Charleston  to  give  notice  to  the  Governor  of  South 
Carolina,  and  the  notice  was  so  given  at  a  late  hour  on  the  8th 
of  April,  the  eve  of  the  very  day  on  which  the  fleet  might  be 
expected  to  arrive. 

That  this  manoeuvre  failed  in  its  purpose  was  not  the  fault  of 
those  who^  controlled  it.  A  heavy  tempest  delayed  the  arrival  of 
the  expedition,  and  gave  time  to  the  commander  of  our  forces  at 
Cluirleston  tej  ask  and  receive  instructions  of  the  Government 
Even  then,  under  all  the  provocation  incident  to  the  contemptuous 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  61 

refusal  to  listen  to  our  Commissioners,  and  the  treacherous  course 
of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  I  was  sincerely  anxious 
to  avoid  the  effusion  of  blood,  and  directed  a  proposal  to  be  made 
to  the  commander  of  Fort  Sumter,  who  had  avowed  himself  to 
be  nearly  out  of  provisions,  that  we  would  abstain  from  directin*^ 
our  fire  on  Fort  Sumter  if  he  would  promise  to  not  open  fire  on 
our  forces  unless  first  attacked.  This  proposal  was  Refused.  The 
conclusion  was  that  the  design  of  the  United  States  Avas  to'  place 
the  besieging  force  at  Charleston  between  the  simultaneous  fire 
of  the  fleet.  The  fort  should,  of  course,  be  at  once  reduced.  This 
order  was  executed  by  Gen.  Beauregard  with  skill  and  success 
which  were  naturally  to  be  expected  from  the  well-known  char- 
acter of  that  gallant  officer;  and,  although  the  bombardment 
lasted  some  thirty-three  hours,  our  flag  did  not  wave  over  the 
battered  walls  until  after  the  appearance  of  the  hostile  fleet  off 
Charleston. 

Fortunately  not  a  life  was  lost  on  our  side,  and  we  were  grati- 
fied in  being  prepared.  The  necessity  of  a  useless  effusion  of 
blood  by  the  prudent  caution  of  the  officers  who  commanded  the 
fleet  in  abstaining  from  the  evidently  futile  effort  to  enter  the 
harbor  for  the  relief  of  Major  Anderson,  Avas  spared. 

I  refer  to  the  report  of  the  Secretary  of  War,  and  the  papers 
accompanying  it,  for  further  particulars  of  this  brilliant  affair. 

In  this  connection  I  cannot  refrain  from  a  well-deserved  tribute 
to  the  noble  State,  the  eminent  soldier  qualities  of  whose  people 
were  conspicuously  displayed.  The  people  of  Charleston  for 
months  had  l)oen  irritated  by  the  spectacle  of  a  fortress  held 
within  their  principal  harbor  as  a  standing  menace  against  their 

peace  and  independence — built  in  part  with  their  oaa^i  money 

its  custody  confided  with  their  long  consent  to  an  agent  who  held 
no  power  over  them  other  than  such  as  they  had  themselves  dele- 
gated for  tlieir  own  benefit,  intended  to  be  used  by  that  agent  for 
their  own  protection  against  foreign  attack.  IIow  it  was  held 
out  with  persistent  tenacity  as  a  means  of  offence  against  them 
by  the  very  Government  which  they  had  estal)lished  for  their 
own  protection,  is  well  known.  Tliey  had  beleaguered  it  for 
months,  and  felt  entire  confidence  in  their  power  to  capture  it 
yet  yielded  to  the  requirements  of  discipline,  curbed  their  impa- 
tience, submitted  without  complaint  to  the  unaccustomed  hard- 
ships, labors,  and  privations  of  a  protracted  sieo-e,  and  when  at 
length  their  patience  Avas  relieved  by  the  signal^for  attack,  and 
success  had  crowned  their  steady  and  gallant  conduct,  even  in 
the  very  moment  of  triumpli,  they  evinced  a  chivalrous  reo-ard 
for  the  feelings  of  the  brave  but  unfortunate  officer  who  had  been 
compelled  to  lower  his  flag. 

All  manifest^itions  of  exultations  were  checked  in  his  presence. 


62  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

Their  commandinjr  General,  with  tholr  cordial  aitproval,  and  the 
consent  of  his  Gdverument,  refrained  from  imposing  any  terms 
that  would  wound  the  sensibility  of  the  commander  of  the  fort. 
He  was  permitted  to  retire  with  the  honors  of  war,  to  salute  his 
Hag,  to  depart  freely,  with  all  his  command,  and  was  escorted  to 
the  vessel  on  which  he  em))arked,  with  the  highest  marks  of 
respect  from  those  against  whom  his  guns  had  so  recently  been 
directed. 

Not  only  does  every  event  connected  with  the  siege  reflect  the 
highest  honor  on  South  Carolina,  but  the  forbearance  of  her 
people,  and  of  this  Government,  from  making  any  harangue  of  a 
viet«)ry,  obtained  under  circumstances  of  such  peculiar  provoca- 
tion, attest  tt)  the  fullest  extent  the  absence  of  any  purpose  be- 
yond securing  their  own  tranquillity,  and  the  sincere  desire  to 
avoid  the  calamities  of  war. 

Scarcely  had  the  President  of  the  United  States  received  intelli- 
gence of  the  failure  of  the  scheme,  which  he  had  devised  for  the 
reinforcement  of  Fort  Sumter,  when  he  issued  the  declaration  of 
war  against  this  Confederacy,  which  has  prompted  me  to  convoke 
you.  In  this  extraordinary  production,  that  high  functionary 
affects  total  ignorance  of  the  existence  of  an  independent  Gov- 
ernment, which,  possessing  the  entire  and  enthusiastic  devotion 
of  its  people,  is  exercising  its  functions,  without  question,  over 
seven  sovereign  States — over  more  than  five  millions  of  people — 
and  over  a  territory  whose  area  exceeds  five  hundred  thousand 
square  miles. 

He  terms  sovereign  States  "combinations  too  powerful  to  be 
suppressed  in  the  ordinary  courts  of  judicial  proceedings,  or  by 
the  powers  vested  in  the  marshals  by  law." 

He  calls  for  an  army  of  seventy-five  thousand  men  to  act  as  the 
posse  comitatus  in  aid  of  the  process  of  the  courts  of  justice  in 
States,  where  no  courts  exist  Avhose  mandates  and  decrees  are 
not  cheerfully  obeyed  and  respected  by  a  willing  people. 

He  avows  that  the  first  service  to  be  assigned  to  the  forces 
which  have  been  called  out,  will  not  be  to  execute  the  processes 
of  courts,  but  to  capture  forts  and  strongholds,  situated  within 
the  admitted  limits  of  this  Confederacy,  and  garrisoned  by  its 
tro()[)s,  and  declares  that  this  effort  is  intended  to  maintain  the 
perpetuity  of  popular  Government. 

He  concludes  by  commanding  the  persons  composing  the 
"combinations"  aforesaid,  to  wit:  the  five  millions  of  inhabitants 
of  these  States,  to  retire  peaceably  to  their  respective  abodes 
within  twenty  days. 

Apparently  contradictory,  as  are  the  terms  of  this  singular 
document,  one  point  was  unmistakably  evident :  The  President- 
of  the  United  States  calls  for  an  army  of  75,000  men,  whose  first 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  63 

service  was  to  capture  our  forts.  It  was  a  plain  declaration  of 
war,  which  I  was  not  at  liberty  to  disrej^ard,  because  of  my 
knowledge  that,  under  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  the 
President  was  usurping  a  power  granted  exclusively  to  the 
Congress. 

lie  is  the  sole  organ  of  communication  between  that  country 
and  foreign  powers.  The  law  of  nations  did  not  permit  me  to 
(question  the  authority  of  the  Executive  of  a  foreign  nation  to 
declare  war  against  this  Confederacy.  Although  I  might  have 
refrained  from  taking  active  measures  for  our  defence,  if  the  ' 
States  of  the  Union  had  all  imitated  the  action  of  Virginia,  North 
Carolina,  Arkansas,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Missouri,  by 
denouncing  it  as  an  unconstitutional  usurpation  of  power,  to 
which  they  refused  to  respond,  I  was  not  at  liberty  to  disre^-'ard 
the  iuct  that  many  of  the  States  seemed  quite  content  to  submit 
to  the  exercise  of  the  powers  assumed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States,  and  were  actively  engaged  in  levying  troops  for 
the  purpose  indicated  in  the  proclamation.  Deprived  of  the  aid 
of  Congress  at  the  moment,  I  was  under  the  necessity  of  confin- 
ing my  action  to  a  call  on  the  States  for  volunteers,  for  the 
common  defence,  in  accordance  with  the  authority  you  had  con- 
fided to  me  before  your  adjournment. 

I  deemed  it  proper,  further,  to  issue  a  proclamation  inviting 
applications  from  persons  disposed  to  aid  in  our  defence,  in 
private  armed  vessels  on  the  high  seas,  to  the  end  that  prepara- 
tions might  be  made  for  the  immediate  issue  of  letters  of  marque 
and  reprisal,  which  you  alone,  under  the  Constitution,  have  the 
power  to  grant. 

I  entertain  no  doubt  that  you  will  concur  with  me  in  the 
opinion  that,  in  the  absence  of  an  organized  navy,  it  will  be 
eminently  expedient  to  supply  their  place  with  private  armed 
vessels,  so  happily  styled,  by  the  publicists  of  the  United  States, 
the  militia  of  the  sea,  and  so  often  and  justly  relied  on  by  them 
as  an  eflicient  and  admirable  instrument  of  defensive  warfare. 

I  earnestly  reconnnend  the  immediate  passage  of  a  law  author- 
izing me  to  accept  the  numerous  proposals  already  received. 

I  cannot  close  this  review  of  the  acts  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  without  referring  to  a  proclamation  issued  by  their 
President,  under  date  of  the  19th  inst.,  in  which,  after  declaring- 
that  an  insurrection  has  broken  out  in  this  Confederacy,  a^-ainst 
the  government  of  the  United  States,  he  ajinounces  a  blockade  of 
all  the  ports  of  these  States,  and  threatens  to  punish  as  pirates 
all  persons  who  shall  molest  any  vessels  of  the  United  States, 
under  letters  of  marque  issued  by  this  Government.  Notwith- 
standing the  authenticity  of  this  proclamation,  you  will  concur 


64  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

•with  mo  that  it  is  liard  to  hclievo  that  it  could  have  emanated 
from  a  President  of  the  United  States. 

Its  aunounccinent  of  a  mere  paper  blockade  is  so  manifestly  a 
violation  of  the  law  of  nations,  that  it  would  soom  incredible  that 
it  could  have  been  issued  by  authority  :  l>ut  conceding  this  to  be 
the  case,  so  far  as  the  Executive  is  concerned,  it  will  1)0  difficult 
to  satisfy  the  people  of  these  States  that  their  late  confederates 
will  sanction  its  declarations — will  determine  to  ignore  the 
usages  of  civilized  nations,  and  will  inaugurate  a  war  of  exter- 
mination on  both  sides,  by  treating  as  pirates  open  oncniics  acting 
under  the  authority  of  commissions  issued  by  an  organized 
government. 

If  such  a  proclamation  was  issued,  it  could  only  have  been 
published  under  the  sudden  influence  of  passion,  and  we  may 
rest  assured  that  mankind  will  be  spared  the  horrors  of  the  con- 
flict it  seems  to  invite. 

For  the  details  of  the  administration  of  the  different  depart- 
ments, I  refer  to  the  reports  of  the  Secretaries  of  each,  which 
accompany  this  message. 

The  State  Department  has  furnished  the  necessary  instructions 
for  those  Commissioners  who  have  been  sent  to  England,  France, 
Ilussia,  and  Belgium,  since  3'our  adjournment,  to  ask  our  recogni- 
tion as  a  member  of  the  family  of  nations,  and  to  make  with 
each  of  these  powers  treaties  of  amity  and  commerce. 

Further  steps  will  be  taken  to  enter  into  like  negotiations  with 
tlie  other  European  Powers,  in  pursuance  to  resolutions  passed  at 
your  last  session. 

Sufficient  time  has  not  yet  elapsed  since  the  departure  of  these 
Commissioners  for  the  receipt  of  any  intelligence  from  them. 

As  I  deem  it  desirable  that  commissioners,  or  other  diplomatic 
agents,  should  also  be  sent  at  an  early  period  to  the  independent 
American  Powers  south  of  our  Confederacy,  with  all  of  whom  it 
is  our  interest  and  earnest  wish  to  maintain  the  most  cordial 
and  friendly  relations,  I  suggest  the  expediency  of  making  the 
necessary  a])propriations  for  that  purpose. 

Having  boon  officially  notifled  by  the  public  authorities  of  the 
State  of  V'irginia,  that  she  had  withdrawn  from  the  Union,  and 
desired  to  maintain  the  closest  political  relations  with  us  wdiich 
it  was  possible  at  this  time  to  establish,  I  commissioned  the  Hon. 
Alex.  11.  Stephens,  A^'ice-Presidont  of  the  Confederate  States,  to 
represent  this  (Jovornmont  at  llichmond. 

I  am  ha]>i)y  t(»  inform  you  that  he  has  concluded  a  convention 
with  the  State  of  Virginia,  by  which  thtit  honored  Connnonwealtli, 
so  long  and  justly  distinguished  among  her  sister  States,  and  so 
dear  to  the  hearts  of  thousands  of  her  children  in  the  Confed- 
erate States,  has  united  her  power  and  her  fortunes  with  ours. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  65 

and  become  one  of  us.  This  convention,  together  with  the  ordi- 
nance of  Virginia  adopting  the  Provisional  Constitution  of  the 
Confederacy,  will  be  laid  l)ofore  you  for  your  constitutional  action. 

I  have  satisfactory  assurances  from  otlicrs  of  our  late  confed- 
erates, that  they  are  on  the  point  of  adopting  similar  measures, 
and  I  cannot  doubt  that  ere  you  shall  have  been  many  Aveeks  in 
session,  the  whole  of  the  slavcholding  States  of  the  late  Union 
will  respond  to  the  call  of  honor  and  affection,  and  by  uniting 
their  fortunes  with  ours,  promote  our  common  interests  and 
secure  our  common  safety. 

In  the  Treasury  Department,  regulations  have  been  devised 
and  put  into  execution  for  carrying  out  the  policy  indicated  in 
your  legislaticm,  on  the  subject  of  the  navigation  of  the  Missis- 
sippi river,  as  well  as  for  the  collection  of  the  revenue  on  the 
frontier. 

Free  transit  has  been  secured  for  vessels  and  merchandise  pass- 
ing through  the  Confederate  States,  and  delay  and  inconvenience 
have  been  avoided  as  far  as  possible. 

In  organizing  the  revenue  services  for  the  various  railways 
entering  our  territory,  as  fast  as  experience  shall  indicate  the 
possil)ility  of  improvement  in  these  regulations,  no  effort  will  be 
spared  to  free  commerce  from  all  unnecessary  embarrassmtints 
and  o1)structions. 

Under  your  act  authorizing  a  loan,  proposals  were  issued  invit- 
ing subscriptions  for  live  millions  of  dollars,  and  the  call  was 
answered  by  the  prompt  subscription  of  eight  millions  by  our 
own  citizens,  and  not  a  single  bid  was  made  under  par. 

The  rapid  development  of  the  purpose  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States  to  invade  our  soil,  capture  our  forts,  blockade  our 
ports,  and  wage  war  against  us,  induced  me  to  direct  that  the 
entire  subscription  should  be  accepted.  It  will  now  become 
necessary  to  raise  means  to  a  much  larger  amount,  to  defray  the 
expenses  of  maintaining  our  independence  and  repelling  invasion. 

I  invite  your  special  attention  to  this  sulycct ;  and  the  financial 
condition  of  the  Government,  with  the  suggestion  of  ways  and 
means  for  the  supply  of  the  treasury,  will  be  presented  to  you  in 
a  separate  communication. 

To  the  department  of  Justice  you  have  confided  not  only  the 
organization  and  supervision  of  all  matters  connected  with  the 
courts  of  justice,  but,  also,  those  connected  with  patents  and  with 
the  bureau  of  the  puldic  printing. 

Since  the  adj(^urnment,  all  the  courts,  with  the  exception  of 
those  of  Mississippi  and  Texas,  have  been  orgjinized  l)y  the 
appointment  of  marshals  and  district  attorneys,  and  arc  now 
prepared  for  tlie  exercise  of  their  functions.  In  the  two  States 
just  named  the  gentlemen  confirmed  as  judges  declined  to  accept 


66  THE    rONFf:DEIlATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

the  appointmont,  and  no  nominations  have  yet  been  made  to  fill 
the  vacancies. 

I  refer  you  to  the  report  of  the  Attorney  General,  and  concur 
in  his  recommendation  for  immediate  Icpslation,  ef^tecially  upon 
the  sul))oot  of  patent  ri<!;hts.  Early  provision  sliould  be  made  to 
secure  to  the  sulijects  of  foreign  nations  the  full  enjoyment  of 
their  ]»r<tperty  in  valuable  inventions,  and  to  extend  to  our  own 
citizens  protection,  not  only  for  their  ovrn  inventi(ms,  but  for  such 
as  may  have  been  assigned  to  them,  or  may  hereafter  be  assigned 
by  persons  not  alien  enemies. 

The  patent  office  business  is  much  more  extensive  an<l  impor- 
tant than  liud  l)een  anticipated.  The  applications  for  patents, 
ahhough  confined  under  the  laws  exclusively  to  citizens  of  our 
Confederacy,  already  average  seventy  per  month,  showing  the 
necessity  for  the  prompt  organization  of  a  l)ureau  of  patents. 

The  Secretary  of  AVar,  in  his  report  and  accompanying  docu- 
ments, conveys  full  information  concerning  the  forces,  regular, 
volunteer,  and  provisional,  raised  and  called  for  under  the  several 
acts  of  Congress — their  organization  and  distribution,  also  an 
account  of  the  expenditures  already  made,  and  the  further  esti- 
mates for  the  fiscal  3'ear  ending  on  the  18th  of  February,  1862, 
rendered  necessary  by  recent  events. 

I  refer  to  the  report,  also,  for  a  full  history  of  the  occurrences 
in  Charleston  harljor,  prior  to,  and  including  the  boml)ardment 
and  reduction  of  Fort  Sumter,  and  of  the  measures  subsequently 
taken  fiyr  common  defence  on  receiving  the  intelligence  of  tlie 
declaration  of  war  against  us,  made  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

There  are  now  in  the  field  at  Charleston,  Pensacola,  Forts 
]\I()rgan,  Jackson,  St.  Philip,  and  Pulaski,  19,000  men,  and  10,000 
are  now  en  route  for  A'lrginia.  It  is  proposed  to  organize  and 
huld  in  readiness  for  instant  action,  in  view  of  the  present 
exigencies  of  the  country,  an  army  of  100,000  men.  If  further 
force  Ije  needed,  the  wisdom  and  patriotism  of  the  Congress  will 
be  confidently  appealed  to  for  authority  to  call  into  the  field  addi- 
tional numljers  of  our  noble  spirited  volunteers,  who  are  con- 
stantly tendin'ing  their  services  far  in  excess  of  our  wants. 

The  (jjierations  of  the  Navy  Department  have  l)een  necessarily 
restricted  l)y  the  fact  that  sufficient  time  has  not  yet  elapsed  for 
the  purchase  or  construction  of  more  than  a  limited  number  of 
vessels  adapted  to  the  public  service.  Two  vessels  liave  been 
purchased  and  manned,  the  Sumter  and  McRae,  and  are  now 
being  }>re]iared  for  sea,  at  New  Orleans,  with  all  possiljle  dis- 
patch. Contracts  have  also  been  anade  at  that  city,  with  two 
difierent  establishments,  for  the  casting  of  ordnance — cannon, 
shot,  and  shell — with  the  view  to  encourage  the  manufacture  of 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  67 

these  articles,  so  indispensable  for  our  defence,  at  as  many  points 
within  our  territory  as  possible.  I  call  your  attention  to  the 
recommendation  of  the  Secretary,  for  the  establishment  of  a 
ma2;azine  and  laborntoi-y  for  the  preparation  of  ordnance  stores, 
and  the  necessary  appropriation  required  for  that  purpose. 

Hitherto  such  stores  have  been  prepared  at  the  navy  yards,  and 
no  appropriation  v^as  made  at  your  last  session  for  this  object. 

The  Secretary  also  calls  attention  to  tlie  fact  that  no  provision 
has  been  made  for  the  payment  of  invalid  pensions  to  our  citizens. 
Many  of  these  persons  are  advanced  in  life — tliey  have  no  means 
of  support— and  by  the  secession  of  these  States  have  been 
deprived  of  their  claim  against  the  government  of  the  United 
States. 

I  recommend  the  appropriation  of  the  sum  necessary  to  pay 
these  pensioners,  as  well  as  those  of  the  army,  whose  claim  can 
scarcely  exceed  $20,000  per  annum. 

The  Postmaster-General  has  already  succeeded  in  organizing 
his  Department  to  such  an  extent  as  to  be  in  readiness  to  assume 
the  direction  of  our  postal  affairs  on  the  occurrence  of  the  con- 
tingency contemplated  by  the  act  of  15th  March,  1861,  or  even 
sooner  if  desired  by  Congress. 

The  various  books  and  circulars  have  been  prepared,  and 
measures  taken  to  secure  supplies  of  blanks,  postage  stamps, 
stamped  envelopes,  mail-bags,  locks,  keys,  etc. 

lie  presents  a  detailed  classification  and  arrangement  of  the 
clerical  force,  and  asks  for  its  increase. 

An  Auditor  of  the  Treasury  for  this  department  is  necessary, 
and  a  plan  is  submitted  for  the  organization  of  his  bureau. 

The  o;reat  number  and  magnitude  of  the  accounts  of  this 
department,  require  an  increase  of  the  clerical  force  in  the 
accounting  branch  of  the  treasury.  The  revenues  of  this  depart- 
ment are  collected  and  distributed  in  modes  peculiar  to  itself,  and 
re([uire  a  special  Inireau  to  secure  a  proper  accountability  in  the 
administration  of  its  finances. 

I  call  your  attention  to  the  additional  legislation  required  for 
tliis  department — to  the  recommendation  for  changes  in  the  law 
fixing  the  rates  of  postage  on  newspapers,  and  sealed  packages 
of  certain  kinds,  and  specially  to  the  recommendation  of  the 
Secretary,  in  which  I  concur,  that  you  provide  at  once  for  the 
assviinptioii  by  him  of  the  control  of  our  entire  postal  service. 

In  the  military  organization  of  the  States,  provision  is  made 
for  Brigadier  and  Major-Generals,  but  in  the  army  of  the  Con- 
federate States  the  highest  grade  is  that  of  Brigadier-General ; 
hence  it  will  no  (loul)t  sometimes  occur  that  where  troops  of  the 
Confederacy  do  duty  with  the  militia,  tiie  General  selected  for 
the  command,  and  [tosscsscd  of  tlie  views  and  purposes  of  thia 


68  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

Govornmcnt,  \vill  lie  superseded  by  an  officer  of  the  militia  not 
having  the  same  advanta^^es. 

To  avoid  C(>ntinn;encics  in  the  least  objcctionahlo  manner,  I  re- 
commend that  ailditional  rank  be  given  to  the  General  of  the  Con- 
federate army,  and-  concurring  in  the  policy  of  having  but  one 
grade  of  Generals'*fii  the  army  of  the  Confederacy,  I  recommend 
that  the  law  of  its  (organization  be  amended,  so  that  the  grade  be 
that  of  General. 

To  secure  thorough  military  education,  it  is  deemed  essential 
that  officers  should  enter  upon  the  study  of  their  profession  at  an 
early  period  of  life,  and  have  elementary  instruction  in  a  military 
school. 

Until  such  school  shall  be  established,  it  is  recommended  that 
cadets  be  appointed  and  attached  to  companies,  until  they  shall 
have  attained  the  age,  and  shall  have  acquired  the  knowledge  to 
fit  them  for  the  duties  of  lieutenants. 

I  also  call'  your  attention  to  an  omission  in  the  law  organizing 
the  army,  in  relation  to  military  chaplains,  and  recommend  that 
provision  be  made  for  their  appointment. 

In  conclusion,  I  congratulate  you  on  the  fact,  that  in  every  por- 
tion of  our  country  there  has  been  exhibited  the  most  patriotic 
devotion  to  our  common  cause.  Transportation  companies  have 
freely  tendered  the  use  of  their  lines  for  troops  and  supplies. 

The  Presidents  of  the  railroads  of  the  Confederacy,  in  company 
with  others,  who  control  lines  of  communication  with  the  States 
that  we  hope  soon  to  greet  as  sisters,  assembled  in  convention  in 
this  city,  have  not  only  reduced  largely  the  rates  heretofore  de- 
manded for  mail  service,  and  conveyance  of  troops  and  munitions, 
but  have  voluntarily  proffered  to  receive  their  compensation  at 
their  reduced  rates  in  the  bonds  of  the  Confederacy,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  leaving  all  the  resources  of  the  Government  at  its  own  dis- 
posal for  the  common  defence. 

Kequisitions  for  troops  have  been  met  with  such  alacrity,  that 
the  numbers  tendering  their  service  have  in  e\*ery  instance  greatly 
exceeded  the  demand.  Men  of  the  highest  official  and  social  posi- 
tion are  serving  as  volunteers  in  the  ranks.  The  gravity  of  age, 
the  z£al  of  youth,  rival  each  other  in  the  desire  to  be  foremost  in 
the  public  defence ;  and  though  alt  no  other  point  than  the  one 
heretofore  noticed  have  they  been  stimulated  by  the  excitement 
incident  to  actual  engagement,  and  the  hope  of  distinction  for  in- 
dividual deportment,  they  have  borne,  what  for  new  troops  is  the 
most  severe  ordeal,  patient  toil,  constant  vigil,  and  all  the  exposure 
and  discomfort  of  active  service  with  a  resolution  and  fortitude 
such  as  to  command  the  approbation  and  justify  tlie  highest 
expectation  of  their  conduct,  when  active  valor  shall  be  required 
in  place  of  steady  endurance. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  69 

A  people  thus  united  and  resolute  cannot  shrink  from  any  sac- 
rifice which  they  may  be  called  on  to  make ;  nor  can  there  be  a 
reasonable  doubt  of  their  final  success  ;  however  lonp;  and  severe 
may  be  the  test  of  their  determination  to  maintain  their  birthrij^ht 
of  freedom  and  equality  as  a  trust  which  it  is  their  first  duty  to 
transmit  unblemished  to  their  posterity. 

A  bounteous  Providence  cheers  us  with  the  promise  of  abundant 
crops. 

The  field  of  grain  which  will,  within  a  few  weeks,  be  ready  for 
the  sickle,  gives  assurance  of  the  amplest  supply  of  food ;  whilst 
the  corn,  cotton,  and  other  staple  productions  of  our  soil,  afford 
abundant  proof  that  up  to  this  period  the  season  has  been  pro- 
pitious. 

We  feel  that  our  cause  is  just  and  holy. 

We  protest  solemnly,  in  the  face  of  mankind,  that  we  desire 
peace  at  any  sacrifice,  save  that  of  honor. 

In  independence  we  seek  no  conquest,  no  aggrandizement,  no 
cession  of  any  kind  from  the  States  with  Avhich  we  have  lately 
confederated.  All  we  ask  is  to  be  let  alone — that  those  who  never 
held  power  over  us,  shall  not  now  attempt  our  subjugation  by 
arms.     This  we  will,  we  must  resist,  to  the  direst  extremity. 

The  moment  that  this  pretension  is  abandoned,  the  sword  will 
drop  from  our  grasp,  and  we  shall  1)0  ready  to  enter  into  treaties 
of  amity  and  commerce  that  cannot  but  be  mutually  beneficial. 

So  long  as  this  pretension  is  maintained,  with  firm  reliance  on 
that  Divine  Power  which  covers  with  its  protection  the  just  cause, 
we  will  continue  to  struggle  for  our  inherent  rights  to  freedom, 
independence,  and  self-government. 

JEFFEKSON  DAVIS. 

Montgomery,  April  29, 1S61. 


70  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 


COTTON  AND  ITS  SUPPLY. 


The  manufacturing  and  commercial  communities  arc  deeply 
exercised  at  present,  respecting  the  supply  of  cotton  for 
manufjicturing  purposes.  Very  large  meetings  have  been 
held  recently  in  England,  and  active  measures  taken  to  en- 
courage the  cultivation  and  development  of  cotton  in  several 
of  the  British  colonies;  and  in  private,  as  well  as  public, 
cotton  has  been  the  universal  theme  of  discussion.  The 
whole  cotton  crop  of  America,  in  1860,  was  4,675,770  bales; 
and  of  this,  3,697,727  bales  were  exported,  and  978,043 
bales  used  at  home.  England  alone  took  2,582,000  bales, 
which  amounted  to  about  four-fifths  of  her  entire  consump- 
tion. It  is  no  wonder  that  this  question  causes  considerable 
excitement  at  present,  and  especially  in  England,  where  four 
millions  of  persons  are  stated  to  be  connected  with,  and  de- 
pendent for  support  on,  the  cotton  manufacture. 

The  great  desire  of  cotton  manufacturers  is  to  increase  the 
supply  of  cotton  in  many  different  parts  of  the  world,  so 
that  they  may  not  be  so  dependent  upon  one  particular  sec- 
tion of  the  globe.  Several  erroneous  views  have  lately  been 
propagated  on  this  subject.  The  growers  of  any  material 
are  just  as  dependent  upon  consumers  as  the  latter  are  upon 
the  former.  The  laws  of  trade  regulate  these  things,  and 
there  is  no  earthly  mode  of  controlling  the  influence  of  the 
cotton-growing  region  of  the  Gulf  of  Florida  but  by  raising 
as  good  qualities  of  cotton,  at  lower  prices,  in  other  sections 
of  the  world.  Now  the  question  arises  :  "  Can  this  be  ac- 
complished ?"     So  far  as  we  have  knowledge  of  the  various 


AND   REPOSITORY    CF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  71 

climates,  wc  think  it  cannot,  without  new  agencies  being 
brought  into  requisition.  Cotton  requires  a  warm,  moist 
climate  j  it  is  as  sensitive  to  droughts  as  to  frosts,  and  so  far 
as  we  know,  the  warm  breezes  of  the  Gulf  of  Florida  supply 
that  moisture  to  the  plant  in  America,  which  cannot  be  ob- 
tained in  any  other  warm  climate  without  artificial  irrigation. 
Cotton  is  raised  in  Egypt,  the  land  of  no  rain;  but  the 
plants  are  watered  by  artificial  agencies,  from  the  Nile,  at  a 
great  cost  for  such  labor.  In  India,  Africa,  and  China,  wet 
and  dry  seasons  prevail ;  there  are  no  gentle  showers  of  fre- 
quent recurrence,  as  in  the  Southern  States ;  therefore,  the 
droughts  in  those  countries  are  unfavorable  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  cotton,  as  compared  with  AmeHca.  The  develop- 
ment of  the  American  cotton  trade  aff"ords  evidence  of  great 
natural  advantages.  The  cotton  fields  of  the  Southern 
States  embrace  an  area  of  500,000  square  miles,  and  the 
capital  invested  in  the  cultivation  of  the  plant  amounts  to 
$900,000,000.  Seventy  years  ago,  the  exports  of  our  cotton 
were  only  420  bales — not  one-tenth  of  the  amount  furnished 
by  several  countries  to  England.  Now  the  South  furnishes 
five-sevenths  of  the  surplus  cotton  product  of  the  entire  world; 
it  has  increased,  while  other  cotton  countries  have  decreased. 
There  must  be  a  reason  for  this,  as  the  best  American  her- 
baceous cotton  is  not  indigenous  to  the  soil ;  the  seed  was 
first  imported.  We  can  only  attribute  these  results  to  great 
care  in  its  culture,  and  the  natural  advantages  of  climate, 
which  we  have  described. 


72  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 


COTTON  CROP  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Statement   and    Total  Amount  for   the  year   ending    31s< 
Avgnst,  18G1. 

Bales.  Total. 

LOIISIANA. 

Expnrt  from  New  Orleans, 

To  Foreign  ports 1,783,673 

To  Coastwise  ports 132,179 

Burnt  at  New  Orleans 3,270 

Stock,  1st  September,  1 801 10,118 

1,929,240 

Dc'luct, 

Received  from  Mobile ., 48,270 

Received  from  Montgomery,  etc 11,551 

Received  from  Florida 13,279 

Received  from  Texas 30,613 

Stock,  1st  September,  1860 73,934 

177,047     1,751,599 

ALABAMA. 

Export  from  Mobile, 

To  Foreign  ports 450,421 

To  Coastwise  ports 127,574 

Manufactured  in  Mobile,  (estimated) 2.000 

Stock,  1st  September,  1801 2,481 

588,470 

Deduct, 

Stock,  1st  September,  1800 41,082        510,794 

TEXAS. 

Export  fi'om  Galveston,  etc., 

To  Foreign  ports 03,209 

To  Coastwise  ports 84,254 

Stock,  Ist  September,  1801 452 

147,015 

Deduct, 

Stock,  1st  September,  1860 3,108       144,747 

FLORIDA. 

Export  from  Apalachicola,  St.  Mark,  etc.,*} 

To  Foreign  ports 28,073 

To  Coastwise  ports 85,953 

Burnt  at  St.  Mark's 150 

Stock,  1st  September,  1801 7,800 

122,030 

Deduct, 

Stock,  1st  September,  1860 840       121,172 


AND    REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  73 

Bales.  Total. 

GEORGIA. 

Export  from  Savannah, 

To  Foreign  ports— 

Uplands 293,746 

Sea  Islands 8,441 

To  Coastwise  ports— 

Uplands  1/0,5/2 

Sea  Islands 11,512 

Stock  in  Savannah,  1st  September,  1801 4,102 

Stock  in  Augusta,  etc.,  1st  August,  1801 5,991 

Deduct, 
Received  from  Florida — 

Sea  Islands ^'0^3 

Uplands 6,188 

Stock  in  Savannah,  September  1st,  1800 4,307 

Stock  in  Augusta,  etc.,  1st  Sept.,  1800 5,252 

SOUTH  CAROLINA.  10,780       477,584 

Export  from  Charleston  and  Georgetown,  S.  C, 

To  Foreign  ports —  „^^ 

Uplands m345 

Sea  Islands I5,04:o 

To  Coastwise  ports—  ioi  rrQ 

Uplands ^^I'S-? 

Sea  Islands 8,ooo 

Burnt  at  Charleston ^  ^nn 

Stock  in  Charleston,  1st  September,  1801 -,«JJ        o.- o^n 

— —        £)4/,od'J 

Deduct, 
Received  from  Florida  and  Savannah— 

Sea  Islands ^  fj^ 

Uplands  -'^'2 

Stock  in  Charleston,  1st  September,  1800 «,«J/ 

NORTH  CAROLINA.  11,530       330,339 

50,295 


Export,  , 

To  Foreign  ports -'^ 

To  Coastwise  ports ')0,n'u 


VIRGINIA. 

870 


To  Foreign  ports ^ 

To  Coastwise  ports i/ooo 

Manufactured,  (taken  from  the  ports,) 1<>,-  •'v» 

Stock,  1st  September,  1801 2__  80  932 

Ittl  S.nfo..ber.  1860 2,800          78,132 


Stock,  1st  September,  1860. 


74  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

Bales.  Total. 

TENNKSSKE,   KTO. 

Shipments  from  Mcnii)his,  Tonn 360,857 

Shipments  from  Nashville,  Tonn 10,471 

Shipments  from  Columbus  and  Hickman,  Ky.  r),r)nO 

Stock  at  Memphis,  1st  September,  1801 1,071 

393,499 


Deduct, 

Shipments  to  New  Orloans r.M;,300 

Manufactured  on  the  Ohio,  etc ol^,0()() 

Stock,  1st  September,  1800 1,709 


250,075       143,424 


Trade  and  Shlpj)mg  of  the   Seceded    Stafcfi,  for  the  year 
enduKj  June  30,  1859. 

Principal  Ports.  Reg.  Tonnage.  En.  Tonnage. 

Charleston,  S.  C 30,490  25.087 

Savannah,  Ga 25,080  12,757 

Mobile,  Ala 22,935  22,830 

New  Orleans,  La 128,435  80,982 

During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1858,  the  American  and 
foreign  tonnage  and  number  of  vessels  which  entered  all  the  ports 
in  the  seceded  States,  including  Texas,  were  as  follows : 

Cotton  States.  ",  Vessels.  Tonnage. 

Alabama 227  149,415 

Georgia 200  90,150 

Louisiana 1,129  758,371 

fMorida 290  58,038 

North  Carolina 288  42,735 

Texas 39  17,728 

South  Carolina 395  153,834 


Total 2,503       1,254,882 

The  value  of  exports  and  imports  at  the  ports  in  the  above  States, 
was  as  follows,  for  the  years  named : 

Exports.  Imports. 

1858 .$141,207,372     1858 $23,105,457 

1859 171,018,814     1859 29,124,538 


Total $312,880,180 


Total $52,289,905 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE. 


75 


The  ports  most  prominent  for  their  value  of  exports,  were  New 

Orleans,  Mobile,  Savannah,  and  Charleston.     For  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1859,  they  stand  as  follows: 

Exports  of  Domestic  Produce.  Imports. 

New  Orleans $100,890,089  $18,109,510 

Mobile 28,983,652  788,104 

Savannah 15,372,690  624,599 

Charleston 17,902,194  1,438,535 

Total $103,099,031  $21,200,814 

21,200,814 

Excess  of  exports  over  imports..  $141,898,217 

The  total  value  of  exports  from  the 

United  States  for  tlie  year  euding 

June  30,  1859,  of  all  kinds  of 

foreign   and   domestic   produce, 

with  bullion  and  specie,  ($63,- 

887,411,)  amounted  to  338,763,130 

Value  of  domestic  produce  from  the 

four  ports  above 103,099,031 

Balance $175,669,109 

Thus  showing  that  the  domestic  exports  of  these  four  ports  of  the 
seceding  States  alone,  nearly  equalled  one-half  of  the  entire  exports 
of  the  United  States,  of  every  description. 


A  Statement  of  the  Supphj  and  Consumption  of  Cotton 
in  Europe  and  the  United  States,  for  the  ten  years 
ending  with   1860. 


1851 

1852 

1853 

18.54 

1855 

1856 

18.57 

18.58 

1859 

1860 


U.  states 
Crop. 

2,355,000 
3.015,000 

3.26:!.()00 
2.9.">O.0()(t 
2.S47.00O 
3.529.00(1 
2,940.(100 
3,114.000 
3.851.000 
4,676,(t00 

Forc'if^n 
Supply. 

TOTAL. 

Cons'mp- 
tiou  in 
Europe. 

Cons'mp- 

tion  in 
U.  States. 

TOTAL. 

680.000 
7.39.000 

S82.O00 

6:iti.()(>o 
7s;',.o0() 
84:;.0(iO 

l.oOi'i.dOO 
925.000 

1,018,(KM) 
884,000 

.3.035.000 
3,754,000 
4.145.000 
3.56(i,(KX) 
3.6.30.000 
4,.37  2.000 
4.03(i.(KX) 
4,039,(H)0 
4.869.000 
5.560,000 

2.618.000 
.3.112.000 
.",.013.000 
.3,116.0(Xt 
3.316,000 
.3;673.000 
3.079.000 
3,516.000 
3,651.000 
4,321.000 

404.000 
603,000 
671.000 
610.000 
.593.0011 
694.00O 

702.(MHI 
596.6(M) 
928.000 
978.(KK) 

3,022.0(10 
3.715.(XK) 
3.(^84.000 
3.726.(K)0 
.■;.909,(K>0 
4..367.000 
.3.781,000 
4.112,000 
4..579,000 
5.2W,0(M) 

32,520,000 

8,480,000 

41,000,000 

33,415.000 

6,779,000 

40,194,000 

76  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

SUGAR  CROP  OF  LOUISIANA  FOR  1860. 

And  Annual  Statement  of  the  Sugar  Market  of  N.  Orleans, 
The  crop,  according  to  Mr.  Champonicr's  annual  sugar 
statement,  amounted  to  228,753  hlids,  averaging  1150  lbs, 
and  making  an  aggregate  weight  of  203,005,000  Hjs.  This 
embraced  105,490  hhds  of  Brown  Sugar,  made  by  the  old 
process,  and  33,203  refined,  clarified,  etc.,  including  cistern 
bottoms,  the  whole  being  the  product  of  1292  Sugar  Houses, 
of  which  1009  were  worked  by  steam,  and  283  by  horse 
power.  The  crop  of  the  preceding  year  amounted  to  221,840 
hhds,  weighing  255,115,750  lbs,  showing  an  increase  for  the 
last  year  ot  over  6900  hhds,  or  about  7,950,000  lbs. 

According  to  our  calculations,  the  price  of  the  entire  crop 
has  averaged  5  J,  against  7ic  last  year.  At  this  average,  and 
taking  the  estimate  of  1150  lbs  to  the  hoo;shead,  the  aixirre- 
gate  value  of  the  crop  of  228,753  hhds  is  814,408,027, 
against  §18,190,880,  the  product  of  221,840  hhds  last  year; 
or  a  decrease  of  S3, 722, 253.  The  receipts  at  the  levee  since 
the  1st  of  September  have  been  174,037  hhds  and  5970 
tierces  and  bbls,  against  175,770  hhds  and  4808  tierces  and 
bbls  last  year. 

The  estimated  stock  on  hand  at  tbe  close  of  last  season  was 
1000  hhds,  and  this  amount,  added  to  the  crop,  would  make 
a  supply  of  229,753  hhds,  and  including  the  exports  from 
Attakapas,  42,103  hhds;  consumption  of  the  city  and 
neighborhood,  30,000  hhds  ]  taken  for  refining,  in  the  city 
and  other  parts  of  the  State,  including  cistern  bottoms, 
10,000  hhds ;  estimated  quantity  taken  to  fill  up  hhds  for 
shipment,  1 5,000  hhds ;  stock  now  on  hand  in  the  State,  es- 
timated at  5,000  hhds  ;  leaving  as  the  quantity  taken  for  the 
West,  etc.,  127,590  hhds,  against  133,423  hhds  last  year,  or 
a  decrease  of  5833  hhds.     The  quantity  shipped  to  Atlantic 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  77 

ports  is  32,323  hlids,  against  33,553  hlids  last  year ;  showing 
a  decrease  of  1230  hlids. 

According  to  a  statement  annually  made  up  by  the  New- 
York  Shipping  and  Commercial  List,  the  total  imports  of 
foreign  Sugar,  into  the  United  States,  for  the  year  ended 
December  31st,  18G0,  were  341,532  tons,  (equal  to  637,526 
hogsheads  of  1200  lbs  each,)  against  262,829  tons,  or  490,614 
hogsheads  in  1859 ;  and  the  quantity  of  this  description 
taken  for  consumption  in  1860,  was  296,950  tons,  against 
239,034  tons  in  1859;  or  an  increase  of  about  24^  '^  ct. 
The  consumption  of  both  foreign  and  domestic  cane-Sugar 
in  1860,  was  415,281  tons,  against  431,184  tons  in  1859 ;  or 
a  decrease  in  the  total  consumption  of  nearly  3f  "^  ct.  Be- 
sides the  above,  it  is  estimated  that  there  entered  into  the 
consumption  13,392  tons  of  Sugar  made  from  foreign  and 
domestic  Molasses,  which,  with  the  consumption  of  California 
and  Oregon,  estimated  at  8000  tons,  would  give  a  grand  total 
for  the  consumption  of  the  United  States,  in  1860,  of 
464,673  tons,  against  478,737  in  1859.  This  amount  is 
equal  to  1,040,867,520  lbs,  or  867,389  hogsheads  of  1200 
lbs  each,  giving  an  average  (estimating  the  whole  population 
at  80,000,000)  of  nearly  34f  lbs  to  each  man,  woman,  and 
child,  including  slaves. 

We  have  compiled  from  our  records  the  annexed  State- 
ment of  the  Sugar  l*roduct  of  Louisiana  for  the  past  twenty- 
seven  years,  showing  the  amount  of  each  year's  crop  in 
hogsheads  and  pounds,  with  the  gross  average  value  "^  hogs- 
head and  total,  the  proportions  taken  by  Atlantic  ports  and 
Western  States,  and  the  date  of  the  first  receipt  of  each 
crop.  By  this  statement,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  total  pro- 
duct of  Louisiana,  from  1834  to  1860,  inclusive,  a  period  of 
twenty-seven  years,  was  5,005,302  hhds,  valued  at  $280,- 
789,767,  and   that  of  this  quantity  the  Atlantic  ports  took 


78 


THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 


1,551,529  lilids,  and  the  Westorn  States  2,575,41)7  hluls. 
The  crops  from  1828  (which  is  as  far  back  as  our  estimates 
extend)  to  18^33,  summed  up  281,000  liocshcads,  which 
would  make  the  total  product,  in  a  period  of  thirty-two  years, 
5,340  302  liogsheads,  or  5,718,847,450  pounds.  Wo  would 
here  remark,  that  up  to  1848,  the  product  in  ]io:j:s]icads  is 
estimated,  and  1000  pounds  taken  as  the  average  weight  '^ 
hogshead  ;  but  for  the  crops  since  that  date,  we  have  taken 
the  figures  of  Mr.  P.  A.  Champonier,  as  we  find  them  in  his 
Annual  Statements. 


TOTAL  CROP. 

Av.  Price  « 
illid. 

YEAR. 

Hhd.s. 

Pounds. 

TiAa\   Value. 

1834 

100,000 

30,000 

70,000 

05,000 

70,000 

115,000 

87,000 

00,000 

140,000 

100,000 

200,000 

180,050 

140,000 

240,000 

220,000 

247,023 

211,303 

230,547 

321,031 

440,324 

340,035 

231,427 

73,070 

270,(;',)7 

3C)2,20G 

221,840 

228,753 

100,000,000 

30,000,000 

70,000,000 

05,000,000 

70,000,000 

115,000,000 

87,000,000 

00,000,000 

140,000,000 

100,000,000 

200,000,000 

180,050,000 

140,000,000 

240,000,000 

220,000,000 

200,700,000 

231,l<t4,000 

257,138,000 

3(i8, 120,000 

405,150,000 

385,720,000 

254,500,000 

81,373,000 

307,000,700 

414,700,000 

255,115,750 

203,005,000 

$i)0   00 
90  00 
GO  GO 
G2  50 

02  50 
50  00 
55  00 
40  00 
42  50 
GO  00 
45  00 
55  00 
70  00 
40  00 
40  00 
50  00 
00  GO 
50  00 
48  00 
85  GO 
52  00 
70  00 

110  00 
04  00 
00  00 
82  00 

03  25 

SO  000  000 

1835 

2,700,000 
4,200,000 
5,002,500 
4,375,000 

1830 

1837...^ 

1838 

1830 

1840 

5.750,000 
4,785  OOO 

1841 

8,()00,000 
4,750,000 
0,000,000 
9,000,000 
10,205  750 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1840 

o,soo,ooo 

1847 

9,000  000 

1848 

8,800,000 
12  300  150 

1840 

1850 

12,078,180 
11,827,350 

1851 

1852 

15  452  088 

1853 

15  720  340 

1854 

18,025,020 

10,109,890 

8,137,300 

17  90<l  008 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

24  998  4'M 

1850 

1800 

18,190.880 
14,408,027 

Total 

5,005,302 

5,437,347,450 

280,780,707 

AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE. 


79 


YEAR. 


1834. 
1835. 
1836. 
1837. 
1838. 
1839. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 
1843. 
1844. 
1845. 
184G. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
1850. 
1851. 
1852. 
1853 . 
1854. 
1855. 
1856. 
1857. 
1858. 
1859. 
1860. 


Total 1,551,529 


Exported  to 

Atlantic    Ports. 

llocshcads. 


45,500 
1,500 
26,300 
24,500 
26,500 
42,600 
38,500 
28,000 
63,000 
34,000 
101,000 
79,000 
45,500 
84,000 
90,000 
90,000 
4-^,000 
42,000 
82,000 
166,000 
122,000 
39,133 
1,850 
73,885 
93,885 
33,553 
32,323 


Exported  to 

First  Receipts 

Western  States. 

of 

Hogsheads. 

New  Crop. 

44,500 

October  15. 

23,500 

November  5. 

35,000 

November  1. 

32,500 

November  1. 

32,500 

October  17. 

58,000 

October  13. 

46,500 

October  14. 

50,000 

October  13. 

60,000 

October  12. 

52,000 

October  22. 

70,000 

October  3. 

75,000 

October  4. 

70,000 

October  7. 

115,000 

October  2. 

108,000 

October  5. 

125,000 

October  11. 

123,000 

October  17. 

149,000 

October  19. 

206,000 

October  9. 

185,000 

October  6. 

143,000 

October  4. 

131,027 

October  10. 

39,576 

November  3. 

153,012 

September  29. 

187,339 

September  20. 

133,423 

October  8. 

127,590 

September  27. 

2,575,467 


EXTENT  OF  THE  TOBACCO  INTEREST. 

An  able  memorial,  addressed  by  a  leading  and  well-known 
citizen  of  Kichmond  to  the  Macon  Convention,  furnishes 
some  valuable  and  interesting  statistics  on  the  tobacco  inter- 
est. We  have  been  put  at  liberty  to  use  some  of  these  sta- 
tistics, gathered  from  the  manuscript  of  the  writer. 

The  annual  revenue  from  tobacco  in  England  is  about 
twenty-five  millions  of  dollars;  the  consumption  being,  for 


80  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

1858,  33,739,133  pounds;  in  1859,  34,459,864  pounds;  and 
in  1860,  35,306,846  pounds.  In  1858,  our  exports  to 
England  and  her  colonies  were  twenty-three  tliousand  nine 
hundred  and  ninety-four  hop:;sheads,  four  tliousand  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty-three  boxes,  and  one  thousand  four  hundred 
and  fifty-seven  bales — their  whole  value  in  dollars,  as  de- 
clared at  the  custom-houses  of  tJlie  United  States,  was  four 
inillions  three  hundred  and  ninety-nine  thousand  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty-one  dollars.  In  1859,  the  official  returns 
make  our  exports  37,906  hogsheads,  2,008  boxes,  3,891 
bales,  valued  at  ^6,000,234;  in  other  words,  the  value  of 
this  article  shipped  to  England  by  us,  Avhen  grown  and 
placed  on  shipboard,  is,  on  an  average,  five  millions ;  and, 
allowing  the  consumption  of  Great  Britain  to  be  four-fifths 
of  American  tobacco,  the  crop«of  our  tobacco  yields  to  her 
exchequer  four  times  as  much  as  it  does  to  our  :planters, 
without  any  enlarge  for  that  which  she  exports,  or  for  that 
which  goes  to  her  colonies  direct.  The  duty  is  three 
shillings  sterling  on  each  pound  of  leaf  tobacco,  and  five  per 
cent,  on  the  manufactured,  ;about  nine  shillings  and  six- 
pence— say  seventy-five  cents  on  leaf,  and  two  dollars  and 
twenty-five  cents  on  the  manufactured,  per  pound. 

In  France,  in  the  year  1791,  the  Regie  and  Farmers  Gen- 
eral were  abolished,  and  a  duty  of  20  francs  on  100  pounds 
imported  by  foreign  vessels,  and  three-fourths  of  that  sum, 
if  on  French  vessels,  was  substituted;  and,  in  1799,  it  was 
increased  to  sixty-six  francs  on  that  in  foreign  vessels,  and 
on  that  in  French  vessels  to  forty-four  francs,  Avith  an  excise 
tax  of  forty  centimes  (about  eighty  cents)  on  the  kilogramme 
(2  .20-100  pounds)  was  imposed  on  the  manufacturer,  and 
twenty-four  centimes  (about  five  cents)  the  kilogramme  on 
leaf  or  smoking  tobacco.  Under  this  system  the  revenue 
amounted  to  only  $1,129,708.     In  1804,  the  whole  subject 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  81 

was  entrusted  to  the  general  administration  of  the  customs, 
the  fullest  rigor  was  exercised,  and  domiciliary  visits  were 
made  to  both  sellers  and  manufacturers.  The  revenue  was 
brought  up  to  $12,600,000  ;  the  duties  were  doubled  in  1804, 
and  again  in  1806,  with  all  possible  appliances  of  the  most 
rigid  surveillance.  The  revenue  only  reached,  in  1811, 
$16,000,000.  From  this  period,  the  sale  and  manufacture 
became  a  government  monopoly.  By  this  system,  the  revenue 
was  brought  up  to  $25,000,000,  in  1820.  The  sales  that 
year,  by  government,  were  12,645,277  kilogrammes,  produc- 
ing $64,027,137.  Deducting  expenses  of  cost  of  tobacco,  and 
of  the  manufacture,  the  net  revenue  was  42,219,604  francs. 
In  1830,  the  sales  were  11,169,554  kilogrammes ;  proceeds, 
$81,366,947 ;  the  costs  of  tobacco,  and  manufacture, 
$22,338,035;  net  revenue,  $59,028,912.  In  1838,  tobacco, 
purchased  chiefly  in  America,  was  6,520,569  kilogrammes, 
valued  at  $14,497,309.  The  consumption  of  all  tobacco  in 
France,  in  1858,  was  21,981,096  kilogrammes;  in  1859, 
24,099,837  kilogrammes.  In  1826,  the  declared  value  of 
American,  and  all  other  tobacco,  per  pound,  was  about  nine- 
teen cents,  (or,  to  use  French  terms,)  two  francs  thirty 
centimes  for  the  kilogramme.  In  1859,  $145  per  kilo- 
gramme, or  about  twelve  cents  per  pound,  was  the  declared 
value  of  the  tobacco,  as  received  at  the  ports  of  France.  Of 
the  receipts,  American  tobacco  constituted  19,846,198  kilo- 
grammes, say  43,661,635  pounds — about  thirty  thousand 
hogsheads  in  all.  The  revenue  for  1860  was  the  enormous 
sum  of  $36,000,000,  say  180,000,000  francs,  and  employed 
thirty  thousand  persons  in  its  culture,  manufacture,  and  sale. 
On  this  subject,  an  argument  addressed  to  the  French  Gov- 
ernment, through  the  Court  de  Vergennes,  by  Mr.  Jefferson, 
dated  at  Paris,  August  15th,  1785,  is  full  of  argument,  and 
we  may  at  once  rccogni?e  that  it  had  produced  its  impres- 
4 


82  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC^ 

sion  for  six  years  afterwards.  The  ports  were  thrown  open 
to  tobacco,  at  very  low  duties,  comparatively.  On  the  22d 
of  June,  1848,  M.  Thouret  laid  a  proposition  before  the 
French  Assembly,  ''■  that  the  sale  of  tobacco  and  snuif 
should  no  longer  be  exclusively  in  the  hands  of  the  Govern- 
ment. The  proposition  did  not  receive  twenty-jive  votes  of 
an  assembly  of  more  than  six  hundred  members,  and  thus  fell 
to  the  ground — that  number  of  assenting  votes  being  re- 
quired before  any  proposition  can  come  before  the  Chambers, 
even  for  consideration.  This  vote  would  seem  to  show  that 
2)ublic  opinion  in  France  was  in  favor  of  the  monopoly, 
when  we  consider  that  the  members  have  been  so  recently 
chosen  by  universal  suffrage  throughout  all  parts  of  France.'^ 
These  extracts  are  from  Mr.  Rush's  late  work,  page  481. 
This  is  the  care  which  the  late  Government  bestowed  on  our 
commercial  interests.  Mr.  Jefferson  not  only  wrote  down 
his  conversations  on  the  subject,  but  he  submitted  facts  and 
considerations  worthy  of  the  great  interests  at  stake.  The 
indifferent  memorandum  by  Mr.  Rush  was  enough  for  him 
and  the  interests  he  represented  in  France.  The  article  of 
tobacco  is  a  monopoly  in  Sardinia,  and  all  Italy,  and  in 
Austria,  and  also  in  Spain.  A  very  valuable  note  on  the 
last  principle,  page  179,  taken  from  Jefferson's  report  in 
1799,  and  a  report  on  commercial  relations  of  the  United 
States,  34th  Congress,  first  session,  will  be  used  by  those  who 
would  wish  to  investigate  the  subject  further.  We  may 
affirm  that,  upon  the  export  of  two  hundred  millions  of 
pounds  of  manufactured  and  leaf  tobacco,  which  is  below  the 
average  exports  annually,  the  foreign  governments  of  the 
world  collect,  at  the  least,  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  mil- 
lions dollars  of  revenue. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE. 


83 


THE  TOBACCO  TRADE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

Richmond,  October  30,  1861. 
The  average  value  per  hogshead  of  the  tobacco  and  stems  exported 
each  year,  during  the  past  four  "  tobacco  years,"  was  as  follows  : 


In  1858-59 $128  00 

In  1857-58 134  00 


In  1860-61 $  90  00 

In  1859-60 100  00 

The  following  tables  will  show,  at  a  glance,  the  receipts,  inspec 
tions,  exports,  and  stocks  for  five  years  past : 


Receipts. 

Inspections. 

Exports. 

Stocks,  Oct.  1. 

1860-'61 86,324 

1859-'60 53,498 

1858-'59 47,444 

1857-58 61,868 

31,676 
46,633 
41,797 
44,616 
30,534 

19,469 
26,474 
22,713 
33,153 
20,143 

16,300 

17,331 

9,711 

7,900 

1856-'57 38,718 

3,924 

The  figures  showing  the  exports  in  1856-57  do  not  include  coast- 
wise shipments,  no  available  record  having  been  kept  for  that  season. 

Foreign — The  exports  of  leaf  tobacco  from  Richmond,  direct  to 
foreign  ports,  from  October  1st  to  June  1st,  (when  the  blockade  pre- 
cluded further  shipments,)  are  exhibited  in  the  following  table,  in 
connection  with  the  exports  for  the  full  term  of  the  preceding  four 
"tobacco  years:  " 


ISGO-'l. 

"ooo 

2,962 

230 

47 

i'i'io 
"756 

3,113 
420 
270 

10,582 

IS59-C0. 
1V756 

2,475 
411 

"526 
2,913 

•       2,166 

361 

2,389 

2,461 

690 

l',13i 
1,525 

18,793 

1858-'9. 

"931 

1,942 

656 

"45*8 

765 

352 

5,811 

3,754 

2,543 

835 

"255 
472 

1857-'8. 

1,847 
1,145 

4,685 
937 

"521 
240 

2,785 

5',832 

1,901 

093 

*58i 
5,962 

1856-'7. 

To  Antwerp 

To  Bordeaux 

1,556 

To  Bremen 

3,360 

To  Bristol 

To  Brit.  Am.  Prov.. 

To  Dublin 

To  Genoa 

538 
'706 

To  Gibraltar 

To  GlasgoAv 

To  Havre 

2,162 

To  Leith 

To  Liverpool 

4,253 

To  London 

1,722 

To  Marseilles 

To  Porto  Rico 

To  Rotterdam 

To  Venice 

550 
6 

5,'296 

Total  hogsheads.. 

18,774 

27,129 

20,143 

84 


THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 


The  exports  to  France  in  1860-1,  were  only  1,620  hhds.,  against 
4,612  hhds.  in  1859-'60,  and  7,577  hhds.  in  1858-'9.  The  exports 
to  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  in  1860-'l  were  3,763  hhds.,  aejainst 
6,142  hhds.  in  1859-'60,  and  7,305  hhds.  in  1858-'9.  Th^e  net 
decrease  of  the  shipments  to  all  ports  in  1800-1,  as  compared  with 
1849-'60,  is  8,216  hhds. 

The  value  of  the  tobacco  and  stems  exported  from  Richmond,  for 
the  past  four  years,  is  as  follows : 


Quarter  Ending. 

1857-8. 

lS58-'9. 

1859-'G0. 

1860-'61. 

December  31st 

March  31st 

553,694 

68,182 

812,943 

2,913,511 

533,071 

53,917 

576,999 

1,900,493 

762,632 

193,714 

171,942 

1,553,401 

2,681,489 

620,557 
148,468 
347,551 

June  30th 

September  30th... 

Total 

$4,348,600 

8,064,480 

1,116,586 

Coastwise. — Export  of  leaf  tobacco  to  New  York,  Philadelphia,  and 
Baltimore,  and  of  stems  to  Baltimore,  for  four  years  past,  as  follows : 


To  N.  Y 

1860-'l 

2,047 

1859_'60 

1,645 

1858-'9 

1,172 

1857-'8 

2,115 

To  Pa. 


46 

32 

44 

115 


To  Bait. 


4,267 
2,539 
1,006 
2,192 


Total.      Stems  to  B, 


6,360 
4,216 
2,222 
4,522 


1,418 
2,937 
4,208 
1,952 


In  the  registration  of  exports,  by  packets,  from  the  dock,  there  is 
no  discrimination  between  leaf  and  stems.  The  combined  coastwise 
shipments  during  the  past  tAvelve  months,  were  2,927  hhds.,  against 
4,660  hhds.  the  previous  season,  and  2,417  hhds.  in  1858-9.  The 
shipments  of  the  past  season  include  150  hhds.  sent  to  City  Point,  in 
July,  to  be  forwarded  (as  was  believed,)  to  the  North  Carolina  coast 
for  shipment  to  Europe. 

RECAPITULATION. 


Exports  from  dock 

Deduct  stems  (estimated) 

Exports  of  leaf  by  steamers 

Total  coastwise  exports  of  leaf 
Total  foreign  exports  of  leaf... 

Aggregate  exports  of  leaf 


lS58-'9. 


2,417 
700 


1,717 

2,222 

3,939 
18,774 

22,713 


1859-'60. 


4,660 
1,200 


3,460 
4,216 

7,670 
18,798 

26,474 


1860-'l. 


2,927 
400 


2,527 
6,360 


8,887 
10,582 

19,469 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE. 


85 


MANUFACTURED  TOBACCO. 

We  annex  our  annual  statistics  of  the  business  in  manufactured 
tobacco  : 

Receipts. — The  receipts  at  Richmond,  during  the  past  four  sea- 
sons, from  the  factories  at  Lynchburg,  Danville,  etc.,  were  as  follows : 


Packao;es. 

1857-8 119,290 

1858-'9 154,896 


Paokaees. 

1859-'60 ,..  159,035 

1860-'61 50,251 


Exports. — The  exports  from  Richmond,  by  steamers,  during  the 
past  four  seasons,  were  as  follows  : 


1857-'58. 
1858-'59. 
1859-'60. 
1860-'61. 


To  New-York. 


108,352 

149,945 

114,041 

33,112 


To  Philadel. 


36,277 
41,435 
34,366 
12,430 


To  Baltimore. 


86,393 
123,761 
126,868 

49,010 


Total. 


230,962 

315,141 

275,275 

94,552 


The  exports  from  the  dock,  for  the  same  four  seasons,  were  as 
follows : 

Packages.      Packages 


1857-'8 49,493 

1858-'9 59,858 


1859-'60 60,820 

1860-'61 -■ 24,856 


The  business  of  the  year  just  closed  compares  with  that  of  the 
previous  season,  as  follows : 


1859-'60. 

1860-61. 

Total  exports  from  dock,  [packages] 

Total  exports  by  steamers,         "         

60,820 
275,275 

24,856 
94,552 

Aggregate  coastwise  exports 

336,095 
159,035 

119,408 
50,251 

Receipts  by  railroad  and  canal 

Products  of  city  factories  exported 

175,060 

69,157 

86  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

RATES    OF   POSTAGE   IN  THE   CONFEDERATE 
STATES  OF  AMERICA 

Rates  of  Postage  between  Places  within  the  Con- 
federate States  of  Amebjca. —  On  Letters. — Single  let- 
ters, not  exceeding  half  an  ounce  in  weight,  for  any  distance 
Tinder  500  miles,  5  cents ;  for  any  distance  over  500  miles, 
10  cents ;  an  additional  single  rate  for  each  additional  half 
ounce  or  less.  Drop  letters,  2  cents  each.  In  the  fore- 
going cases,  the  postage  to  be  prepaid  by  stamps  or  stamped 
envelopes.     Advertised  letters,  2  cents  each. 

On  Packages — Containing  other  than  printed  or  written 
jnatter — money  packages  are  included  in  this  class — to  be 
rated  by  weight,  as  letters  are  rated,  and  to  be  charged 
double  the  rates  of  postage  on  letters,  to  wit :  For  any  dis- 
tance under  500  miles,  10  cents  for  each  half  ounce  or  less  3 
for  any  distance  over  500  miles,  20  cents  for  each  half  ounce 
or  less.  In  all  cases  to  be  prepaid  by  stamps  or  stamped  en- 
velopes. 

On  NeiDspajyers  sent  to  regular  and  bona  fide  subscribers 
from  the  office  of  publication,  and  not  exceeding  3  ounces  in 
weight : 

Within  the  State  lohere  Puhlished. — Weekly  paper,  6^ 
cents  per  quarter  3  semi-weekly  paper,  13  cents  per  quarter ; 
tri- weekly  paper,  19i  cents  per  quarter;  daily  paper,  39  cents 
per  quarter.  In  all  cases  the  postage  to  be  paid  quarterly  in 
advance,  at  the  offices  of  the  subscribers. 

Without  the  State  uhere  Puhlished. — Weekly  paper,  13 
cents  per  quarter;  semi-weekly  paper,  26  cents  per  quarter; 
tri-weekly  paper,  39  cents  per  quarter;  daily  paper,  78  cents 
per  quarter.  In  all  cases  the  postage  to  be  paid  quarterly  in 
advance,  at  the  offices  of  the  subscribers. 

On  Periodicals  sent  to  regular  and  bona  fide  subscribers 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  87 

from  the  office  of  publication^  and  not  exceeding  1^  ounce  iu 
weight : 

Within,  the  State  ivliere  Published. — Monthly,  3  cents 
per  quarter,  or  1  cent  for  each  number ;  semi-monthly,  6 
cents  per  quarter,  or  1  cent  for  each  number — an  additional 
cent  each  number  for  every  additional  ounce  or  less  beyond 
the  first  li  ounce;  bi-monthly,  or  quarterly,  1  cent  an 
ounce.  In  all  cases,  the  postage  to  be  paid  quarterly  in  ad- 
vance, at  the  offices  of  subscribers. 

Without  the  State  ichere  Published. — Not  exceeding  1^ 
ounce  in  weight : 

Monthly,  6  cents  per  quarter,  or  2  cents  for  each  number; 
semi-monthly,  12  cents  per  quarter,  or  2  cents  for  each 
number — two  cents  additional  for  every  additional  ounce  or 
less  beyond  the  first  1^  ounce;  bi-monthly,  or  quarterly,  2 
cents  an  ounce.  In  all  cases  the  postage  to  be  paid  quar- 
terly in  advance  at#tlie  offices  of  the  subscribers. 

On  Transient  Printed  Matter. — Every  other  newspaper, 
pamphlet,  periodical,  and  magazine,  each  circular  not  sealed, 
hand-bill,  and  engraving,  not  exceeding  three  ounces  in 
weight,  2  cents,  for  any  distance — two  cents  additional  for 
each  additional  ounce  or  less  beyond  the  first  3  ounces.  In 
all  cases,  the  postage  to  be  prepaid  by  stamps  or  stamped 
envelopes. 

Franking  Privilege. — The  following  persons  only  are  en- 
titled to  the  franking  privilege,  and  in  all  cases  strictly  con- 
fined to  official  business :  Postmaster-General,  his  (^hief 
Clerk,  Auditor  of  the  Treasury  for  the  Postoffice  Depart- 
ment, and  Deputy  Postmasters. 


88  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

CHRONICLE    OF   EVENTS   AND   DIARY    OF  THE 
PRESENT   REVOLUTION. 

December  20,  1860 Sudden  evacuation  of  Fort  Moul- 
trie by  Major  Anderson,  United  States  army.  He  spikes  the 
guns,  burns  the  gun-carriages,  and  retreats  to  Fort  Sumter, 
which  he  occupies. 

December  27 Capture  of   Fort   Moultrie  and   Castle 

Pinckney  by  the  South  Carolina  troops.  Captain  Coste  sur- 
renders the  revenue-cutter  Aiken. 

January  3,  1861 Capture  of  Fort  Pulaski  by  the  Sa- 
vannah troops. 

January  3 The  arsenal  at  Mount  Vernon,  Ala.,  with 

20,000  stand  of  arms,  seized  by  the  Alabama  troops. 

January  4 Fort  Morgan,  in  Mobile  Bay,  taken  by  the 

Alabama  troops. 

January  9 The  steamship  Star  of  the  West  fired  into 

and  driven  off  by  the  South  Carolina  batteries  on  Morris' 
Island.     Failure  of  the  attempt  to  reinforce  Fort  Sumter. 

January  10 Forts  Jackson,  St.  Philips  and  Pike,  near 

New  Orleans,  captured  by  the  Louisiana  troops. 

January  13 Capture  of  the  Pensacola  Navy- Yard,  and 

Forts  Barrancas  and  McRae.  Major  Chase  shortly  after- 
wards takes  command,  and  the  siege  of  Fort  Pickens  com- 
mences. 

January  13 Surrender  of  the  Baton  Rouge  arsenal  to 

the  Louisiana  troops. 

January  31 The  New  Orleans  Mint  and  Custom-House 

taken. 

February  2 Seizure  of  the  Little  Rock  arsenal  by  the 

Arkansas  troops. 

February  4 Surrender  of  the  revenue-cutter  Cass  to 

the  Alabama  authorities. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  89 

February  16 General  Twiggs  transfers  the  public  prop- 
erty in  Texas  to  the  State  authorities.  Colonel  Waite,  U.  S. 
A.,  surrenders  San  Antonio  to  Colonel  Ben.  McCulloch  and 
his  Texas  Rangers. 

February  18 Inauguration  of  President  Davis  at  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama. 

March  2 The  revenue-cutter  Dodge  seized  by  the  au- 
thorities of  Texas. 

March  5 General  Beauregard  assumes  command  of  the 

troops  besieging  Fort  Sumter. 

March  12 Fort  Brown,  in  Texas,  surrendered  by  Cap- 
tain Hill  to  the  Texas  Commissioners. 

April  12-13 Battle  of  Fort  Sumter.  Brilliant  vic- 
tory gained  by  General  Beauregard  and  the  South  Carolina 
troops.  After  thirty-four  hours'  bombardment,  the  fort  sur- 
renders to  the  Confederate  States. 

April  14 Evacuation  of  Fort  Sumter  by  Major  Ander- 
son and  his  command. 

April  14 Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United 

States,  issues  a  proclamation  calling  for  75,000  volunteers  to 
put  down  the  "  Southern  rebellion.'* 

April  15 Colonel  Beeves,  U.  S.  A.,  surrenders  Fort 

Bliss,  near  El  Paso,  to  Colonel  J.  W.  McGriffin,  the  Texas 
Commissioner. 

April  16 Seizure  of  the  North  Carolina  forts  and  the 

Fayetteville  arsenal  by  the  State  troops. 

April  17 Capture  of  the  steamship  Star  of  the  West 

by  Colonel  Van  Dorn,  C.  S.  A. 

April  19 The  Baltimore  massacre.      The  citizens  of 

Baltimore  attack  with  missiles  the  Northern  mercenaries  pas- 
sing through  their  city  en  route  for  the  South.  The  Massa- 
chusetts regiment  fires  on  the  people,  and  many  are  killed. 
Two  mercenaries  are  also  shot.     Great  excitement  followS; 


90  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

and  the  Maryland  people  proceed  to  burn  the  railroad  bridges 
and  tear  up  the  track. 

April  20 Capture  of  the  Federal  army  at  Indianola, 

Texas,  by  Colonel  Van  Dorn,  C.  S.  A.  The  Federal  officers 
released  on  parole. 

April  20 Attempted  destruction  of  Norfolk  Navy-yard 

by  the  Federal  authorities.  The  works  set  on  fire  and  several 
ships  scuttled  and  sunk.  The  Federal  troops  retreat  to  Fort- 
ress Monroe.  The  Navy-yard  subsequently  occupied  by  the 
Viro-iniaus. 

April  20 Harper's    Ferry  evacuated   by  the   Federal 

troops  under  Lieutenant  Jones,  who  attempts  the  destruction 
of  the  armory  by  fire.    The  place  occupied  by  Virginia  troops. 

April  28 Fort  Smith,  Arkansas,  captured  by  the  Ar- 
kansas troops  under  Colonel  Solon  Borland. 

May  9 The  blockade  of  Virginia  commenced. 

May  10 Baltimore  occupied  by  a  large  body  of  Federal 

troops  under  General  B.  F.  Butler. 

May  10 A  body  of  5,000  Federal  volunteers,  under 

Captain  Lyon,  U.  S.  A.,  surround  the  encampment  of  800 
Missouri  State  troops,  near  St.  Louis,  and  oblige  them  to  sur- 
render. 

May  10 The  St.  Louis  massacre.  The  German  volun- 
teers, under  Colonel  Francis  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  wantonly  fire  upon 
the  people  in  the  streets  of  St.  Louis,  killing  and  w^ounding 
a  large  number. 

May  11 The  St.  Louis  massacre:  repetition  of  the  ter- 
rible scenes  of  May  10.  The  defenceless  people  again  shot 
down.     Thirty-three  citizens  butchered  in  cold  blood. 

May  11 The  blockade  of  Charleston  harbor  commenced 

by  the  United  States  steamer  Niagara. 

May  19,  20,  21 Attack  on  the  Virginia  batteries  at 

Sewell's  Point,  near  Norfolk,  by  the  United  States  steamer 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  91 

Monticello,  aided  by  the  steamer  Minnesota.  The  assailants 
driven  off  with  loss.     No  one  hurt  on  the  Virginia  side. 

May  24 Alexandria,  Virginia,  occupied  by  5,000  Fed- 
eral troops,  the  Virginians  having  retreated.  Killing  of  Col- 
onel Ellsworth  by  the  heroic  Jackson. 

May  25 Hampton,  Va.,  near  Fortress  Monroe,  taken 

by  the  Federal  troops.     Newport  News  occupied. 

May  27 New  Orleans  and  Mobile  blockaded. 

May  29 President  Davis  arrives  in  Richmond. 

May  31 Fight  at  Fairfax  Court-House  between  a  com- 
pany of  United  States  cavalry  and  a  Virginia  company.  The 
gallant  Captain  Marr  killed;  several  Federal  troops  killed, 
wounded,  and  taken  prisoners. 

June  1,  2,  3 Engagement  at  Aquia  Creek,  between 

the  Virginia  batteries  and  the  United  States  steamers  Wa- 
bash, Anacosta,  and  Thomas  Freeborn.  The  enemy  with- 
drew, greatly  damaged. 

June    3 Battle    of   Phillippa,    in    Western    Virginia. 

Colonel  Kelly,  commanding  a  body  of  Federal  troops  and 
Virginia  tories,  attacks  an  inferior  force  of  Southerners  at 
Phillippa,  under  Col.  Porterfifeld,  and  routes  them.  Colonel 
Kelly  severely  wounded,  and  several  on  both  sides  reported 
killed. 

June   5 Fight  at   Pig's   Point  Battery,   between   the 

Confederate  troops  and  the  United  States  steamer  Harriet 
Lane,  resulting  in  the  discomfiture  of  the  enemy.  The 
Harriet  Lane  badly  hulled. 

June  10 Battle  of  Great  Bethel,  near  Yorktown   Va. 

This  splendid  victory  was  gained  by  eleven  hundred  North 
Carolinians  and  Virginians,  commanded  by  Colonel  J.  Bank- 
head  Magruder,  over  four  thousand  five  hundred  troops,  under 
Brigadier  General  Pierce.  The  Federal  troops  attacked  the 
Southern  entrenchments,  and  after  a  fight  of  four  hours 


92  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

were  driven  back  and  pursued  to  Hampton.  Southern  loss, 
one  man  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Federal  loss  believed 
to  be  several  hundred.  They  confess  to  thirty  killed  and 
one  hundred  wounded. 

June  12 Governor  Jackson,  of  Missouri,  issues  a  pro- 
clamation, calling  the  people  of  that  State  to  arms.  He 
commences  to  concentrate  troops  at  Jefferson  City,  burning 
the  bridges  on  the  route  to  St.  Louis  and  the  East, 

June  15 Harper's  Ferry  evacuated  by  General  Joseph 

E.  Johnston  and  the  Confederate  troops. 

June  16 Skirmish  at  Vienna,  Ya.,  between   Colonel 

Gregg's  South  Carolina  regiment  and  the  5th  Ohio  regiment. 
The  enemy  routed,  with  the  loss  of  several  killed.  General 
Robert  Schenck,  the  Federal  leader,  unfortunately  not  among 
the  number.  This  was  represented  as  a  trivial  affair,  but 
was  important  in  the  chain  of  events,  and  indicative  of  after 
results. 

June    17 Gen.    Butler    demanded   15,000    additional 

troops  at  Fortress  Monroe.  The  Southerners  burn  seventy 
locomotives  on  the  Baltimore  and  Ohio  railroad.  An  order 
from  Gov.  Magofl&n  that  no  Tennessee  troops  shall  occupy 
any  portion  of  Kentucky.  The  thermometer  at  Alexandria 
105°  in  the  shade.  Wise  moving  opposite  McClellan's  ad- 
vance.    Sawyer's  cannon  mounted  at  Rip  Raps. 

June   18 Scott  boasts  of  the  evacuation   of  Harper's 

Ferry  as  in  perfect  accordance  with  his  plans,  and  that  no 
Southern  movements  can  in  the  slightest  degree  affect  his 
programme.  Aquia  Creek  defenses  increased.  At  St. 
Louis,  the  Federal  soldiers  fire  on  the  people,  killing  seven 
and  wounding  a  large  number.  The  battle  of  Boonville, 
where  Gov.  Jackson  was  compelled  to  retire  before  Gen. 
Lyon. 

June  19 Andy  Johnson  spoke  three  hours  at  Lexing- 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  93 

ton,  Ky.  Frank  Picrpont  appointed  Governor  of  Western 
Virginia.  The  Virginia  ordinance  passed  73  to  3,  and  a 
State  seal  ordered. 

June  20 Glen.  Lyon  occupies  Boonvillc.     The  Federal 

force,  5000,  at  Vienna.  Gen.  McClellan  and  staff  leave 
Cincinnati  for  Viririnia. 

June  21 Southerners  erecting  masked  batteries  oppo- 
site Rip  Raps.  Rosseau  has  authority  to  raise  two  Kentucky 
regiments,  with  blank  commissions  in  his  hands.  Surveyor 
Cotton  orders  that  permits  shall  be  obtained  for  freights  over 
the  Louisville  and  Nashville  railroad.  A  battle  between 
McDowell's  division  and  Beauregard,  at  Vienna,  anticipated 
— the  main  blow,  with  45,000  men,  to  be  struck  from  "Wash- 
ington, intending  to  effect  a  surprise. 

June  23 Mississippi  Sound  blockaded  by  Federal  war- 
vessels.  Coasting  schooners  fired  on  by  the  fleet :  no  damage 
done. 

June  24 Serious  Bank  riot  in  Milwaukie,  Wis.  Mili- 
tary ordered  out,  and  fire  on  the  people,  killing  nearly  100. 

June  25 Harper's  Ferry  evacuated  by  the  Federals. 

June  28 Skirmish   near   Cumberland,  Va.,   in  which 

the  Federals  took  to  inglorious  retreat. 

June  29 The  jury,   with  regard   to  the   late    bloody 

tragedy  in  St.  Louis,  brought  in  a  verdict  that  the  shooting- 
of  citizens  by  the  Federal  troops  was  done  without  provoca- 
tion. 

July  1 Mouth  of  the  Mississippi  river  blockaded  by 

the  Federal  fleet.  The  city  authorities  of  Baltimore  arrested 
on  charge  of  treason  against  the  JFederal  Government.  Mar- 
tial law  proclaimed. 

July  2 Ship  St.  Nicholas  taken  possession  of  by  Com. 

Ilollins,  of  Confederate  Navy. 

July  3 The  Lincoln  Cabinet  decides  a  grand  advance 


94  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

of  the  Federal  army  towards  Riclimond,  Ya.  Fremont  com- 
missioned as  Major  General  in  the  Federal  army. 

July  5 Battle   of  Carthage,   Mo.,  between   the  State 

troops,  under  command  of  Gov.  Jackson,  and  the  Federals, 
under  Gen.  Siegel.  The  battle  was  a  bloody  one ;  Siegel's 
forces  were  nearly  surrounded  and  cut  to  pieces.  The  Fed- 
eral loss,  700  killed  and  wounded ;  Southern  loss,  270  killed 

and  wounded Federal  forces,  under  Gen.  Patterson,  take 

possession  of  Martinsburg,  Ya.  Patterson  advances  and  at- 
tacks the  Confederate  forces,  under  command  of  Gen.  John- 
ston.    The  Federals  are  defeated,  with  great  slaughter,  and 

forced  back  to  Martinsburg A  heavy  skirmish  occurred 

near  Newport  News,  between  a  body  of  Federals  and  a  Lou- 
isiana battalion,  under  command  of  Lieut.  Col.  Drew.  Col. 
Drew  was  killed  in  leading  the  attack.  The  Federals  were 
forced  to  retreat,  after  suffering  a  loss  of  50  killed  and 
wounded. 

July  8 Gen.  Johnston's  army  near  Martinsburg  was 

reinforced,  and  he  prepares  to  move  his  forces  to  effect  a 

junction  with  Gen.  Beauregard,  near  Manassas General 

Lyon  marching  towards  Boonville,  Mo. ;  he  compels  the  peo- 
ple to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Federal  Government, 
as  he  advances. 

July  10 McClellan  marching  on  Beverly,  Ya. ;  con- 
stant skirmishing  occurring  between  the  Federals  and  South- 
erners. 

July  11 Rich  Mountain  fight,  between  a  regiment  of 

Yirginians,  under  command  of  Col.  Pegrim,  and  a  large 
body  of  Federals.  After  a  hard-fought  battle.  Col.  Pegrim 
was  forced  to  retreat  before  a  greatly  superior  number.  Yir- 
ginians lost  142  killed  and  wounded ;  Federal  loss,  110  killed 

and  wounded Laurel  Hill  evacuated  by  Gen.  Garnett  and 

the  Confederate  forces. 


AND    REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  95 

July  12 A  peace  petition,  gotten  up  by  the  citizens  of 

New  York  City,  is  seized  by  the  city  marshal McClellan 

pursues  Gen.  Garnett,  and  attacks  the  rear  of  his  retreating 
forces.  Gen.  Garnett,  in  covering  the  rear  of  his  forces,  was 
killed.  The  forces  under  McClellan  numbered  20,000  men; 
Garnett's  force  was  small.  The  main  body  of  Garnett's 
forces  made  a  safe  retreat. 

July  17 Battle  of  Scary  Creek,  Kanawha  Valley,  be- 
tween a  body  of  Federals,  2800  strong,  and  a  body  of  Vir- 
ginians, (700,)  under  Gen.  "Wise.  The  Virginians  achieved 
a  signal  victory  over  the  Federals,  and  took  many  prisoners. 

Loss  not  known The  Federal  Grand  Army,  under  the 

command  of  Gen.  McDowell,  advances  in  three  divisions  to- 
wards Manassas. 

July  18 Battle  of  Bull  Ilun,  Va.  A  great  and  de- 
cisive victory  was  achieved,  by  Gen.  Beauregard,  over  the 
Federal  forces.  Federal  loss,  450  killed  and  wounded;  Con- 
federate loss,  20  killed   and  65  wounded.     First  defeat  for 

Grand  Army Battle  of  Bull    Creek,   Va.     The  Grand 

Army  makes  another  advance  toward  Bull  Creek,  with  a 
force  of  10,000  men,  and  attacks  the  Confederate  forces, 
(7000,)  under  Gen.  Bonham.  After  four  hours  hard  fighting, 
the  Federals  were  repulsed,  with  great 'slaughter.  Federal 
loss,  245  killed  and  wounded;  Confederate  loss,  68  killed 
and  wounded. 

July  20 Provisional  Congress  (3d  session)  of  the  Con- 
federate States  met  in  Kichmond,  Va. 

July  21 Battle    of    Manassas,  Va. — the  largest  and 

most  severe  battle  ever  fought  on  the  American  Continent. 
The  battle  began  at  4  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  lasted 
until  nearly  9  o'clock  at  night.  The  Federal  forces,  under 
command  of  Gen.  McDowell,  numbered  45,000  men.  The 
Confederate  army,  under  Gen.  Beauregard,  Gen.  Johnston, 


96  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

and  President  Davis,  numbered  27,900,  but  only  20,000  of 
tlie  Confederates  were  actually  engaged  in  the  battle.  The 
Federals  suifered  a  great  and  signal  defeat;  their  army  made 
the  most  disgraceful  and  cowardly  retreat  that  ever  took 
place  in  the  annals  of  war.  Federal  loss,  3500  killed  and 
wounded,  and  700  taken  prisoners;  Confederate  loss,  393 
killed,  and  1300  wounded. 

July  22 J.  W.  Tompkins  was  shot  dead,  while  cheering 

for  Jeff.  Davis,  by  a  city  officer  of  Louisville,  Ky. 

July  24 Battle  of  Mesilla,  Arizonia  Territory.     The 

Confederate  forces,  under  Lieut.  Col.  Baylor,  attacked  a  largo 
body  of  the  Federals  at  Fort  Fillmore.  After  a  desperate 
fight,  the  Federals  were  severely  defeated,  and  compelled  to 
evacuate  the  Fort.  Federal  loss,  32  killed  and  600  taken 
prisoners. 

July   25.. Federal   army   retreats   to    Alexandria   and 

Washington  City Gen.  McClellan  takes  command  of  the 

remnant  of  the  Grand  Army  at  Washington. 

July  30 Gen.  Pillow  occupies  New  Madrid,  Mo.     The 

Confederate  army  concentrating  in  Southern  Missouri. 

August  3 Skirmish  near  Cassville,  Mo.     A  body  of  75 

Southrons,  after  a  sharp  contest,  defeated  and  routed  a  de- 
tachment  of    123    "Federals The    Federal   war-steamer. 

Dart,  made  an  attempt  to  bombard  the  city  of  Galveston, 
Texas.  The  attack  was  unsuccessful ;  the  steamer  was  com- 
pelled to  retire The  Federal  forces,  under  command  of 

Major  Lynde,  desert  all  the  Federal  forts  in  Arizonia,  after 
destroying  property  and  provisions.  The  forts  taken  pos- 
session  of  by  Lieut.  Col.  Baylor,  of  the  Confederate  Army. 

August  6 Fight  at  Dug  Springs,  Mo.     An  action  took 

place  to-day,  between  the  Southerners,  under  Gen.  McCulloch, 
and  the  Federals,  under  Gen.  Lyon.  The  fight  was  brought 
on  by  McCulloch  endeavoring  to  draw  out  Gen.  Lyon  in  open 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  97 

field.  The  Federals  lost  40  killed  and  wounded ;  Confederate 
loss,  43  killed  and  wounded. 

August  8 The  Southerners  erecting  batteries  on  the 

Potomac  river,  at  Aquia  Creek Fight  at  Rich  Spring, 

Western  Virginia.  Another  victory  was  achieved  to-day. 
The  Southerners,  under  Gen.  Lee,  encountered  a  body  of 
the  enemy,  under  Gen.  llosencranz,  which  resulted  in  the 
repulse  and  defeat  of  the  Federals,  who  lost  50  killed  and 
wounded.     Confederate  loss  very  light. 

August  10 Battle  at  Oak  Hill,  near  Springfield,  Mo. 

The  Federal  forces,  under  Gens.  Lyon  and  Siegel,  attack  the 
Southerners,  under  Gen.  McCulloch.  After  a  desperate 
fight,  the  Federals  were  completely  routed,  and  suffered  a  se- 
vere defeat  in  the  death  of  Gen.  Lyon.  Federal  loss,  2000 
killed  and  wounded ;  Confederate  loss,  365  killed,  and  417 
wounded.  The  Confederate  forces  amounted  to  12,000  men; 
the  Federal  forces  amounted  to  10,000.  The  battle  was 
fought  under  great  disadvantages  to  the  Southerners,  only 
one-half  of  whom  were  armed Fight  at  Edina,  Mo.,  be- 
tween a  body  of  Southerners  and  the  Home  Guards.  The 
latter  were  completely  routed.     Loss,  50  killed  and  wounded, 

on    each    side The    newspaper-office  of  the  Democratic 

^Standard,  at  Concord,  N.  H.,  demolished  by  a  mob,  for  re- 
flecting on  the  cowardice  of  the  returning  three-months' 
volunteers. 

August  12 Skirmish  at  Leesburg,  Va.     A  large  force 

of  Federals  crossed  the  Potomac  on  a  marauding  expedition. 
The  Southerners  attacked  the  expedition,  and  compelled  the 
Federals  to  make  a  cowardly  retreat. 

August  16 The  Grand  Jury  of  the  Federal  District  of 

New  York,  presented  the  following  newspapers,  for  express- 
ing sympathy  with  the  Southern  cause :  Journal  of  Com- 
merce.  New  York  News,  Day-Booh,  Freeman^  Journal,  and 
Brooklyn  Eagle. 


98  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

August  17 Lincoln's  proclamation  forbidding  trade  and 

travel  with  the  seceding  States. 

August  20 Gen.  JefF.  Thompson  occupies  Commerce, 

Missouri,  and  erects  batteries  on  the  river.  Steamers  City  of 
Alton  and  Hannibal  City  fired  on  and  sunk  by  the  Confede- 
rate batteries ;  400  Federals  taken  prisoners.  Eiot  in  Phila- 
delphia. The  newspaper  office  of  the  Pennsylvania  Sentinel 
destroyed  by  the  mob,  for  advocating  a  peace  policy.  JefFer- 
sonian  printing-office  destroyed  by  the  mob.  A.  S.  Kimbal, 
editor  of  the  Essex  County  Democrat,  is  tarred  and  feathered 
for  opposing  the  war  policy  of  the  North.  The  Louisville 
Courier  suppressed  by  Federal  authority  for  espousing  the 
cause  of  the  South. 

August  21 Fight  at  Charleston,  Missouri;  Confederates 

defeated  with  a  small  loss. 

August  25 Commencement  of  the  Reign  of   Terror 

throughout  the  Northern  States.  Men  and  women  arrested 
and  imprisoned  for  sympathizing  with  the  Southern  cause. 
Newspapers  friendly  to  the  South  suppressed  by  order  of  the 
Federal  Government.  Citizens  compelled  to  take  the  oath 
of  allegiance  to  the  Federal  Government. 

August  26 Battle  of  Cross-Lanes,  Western  Virginia. 

The  Confederate  forces,  under  General  Floyd,  attacked  and 
surrounded  a  large  body  of  Federals.  The  Federals  were 
repulsed  and  defeated  after  a  severe  fight;  losses  not  known. 

August  31 Capture  of  Fort  Hatteras  by  the  Federal 

fleet  under  General  Butler;  after  a  gallant  defence.  Captain 
Barron,  who  commanded  the  forts,  had  to  surrender  to  an 
overwhelming  force  of  the  enemy.  General  Butler's  force 
amounted  to  eight  war  frigates  and  several  smaller  vessels, 
manned  by  4,000  men.  Captain  Barron  had  only  a  defen- 
sive force  of  330  men. 

August  31 Gen.  Fremont,  commander  of  the  Federal 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  99 

forces  in  St.  Louis,  issues  his  infamous  proclamation,  order- 
ing all  persons  found  in  arms  against  the  Federal  Grovern- 
ment,  to  be  shot,  and  also  declaring  the  slaves  of  persons 
sympathizing  with  the  Southern  cause,  to  be  manumitted. 

September  4 Fight  at  Fort  Scott,  Mo.  The  Confed- 
erate force,  under  Gen.  Price,  and  the  Federals,  under  Lane 
and  Montgomery;  a  severe  battle  was  fought,  which  resulted 
in  a  fine  victory  for  the  Southerners.     Losses  not  known. 

September  5 Gov.  Magoffin  proclaims  the  neutrality 

of  Kentucky. 

September  6 Battle  of  Shuter's  Hill.  The  Confede- 
rate forces  made  a  successful  attack  on  Shuter's  Hill ;  the 
Federal  loss  was  380  killed  and  wounded,  and  300  taken 
prisoners;  Confederate  loss,  120  killed  and  wounded. 

September  6 Engagement  at  Hickman,  Ky.,  between 

two  Federal  gun-boats,  and  one  Confederate  steamer.  After 
firing  several  ineftectual  shots,  the  Federals  were  forced  to 
retire. 

September  7 The  seizure  and  occupation  of  Paducah, 

Ky.,  by  the  Federals  under  Gen.  Grant.    He  fortifies  the  city. 

September  8 The  occupation  of   Columbus,  Kentucky, 

by  the  Confederate  forces,  under  Generals  Polk  and  Pillow. 

September  10 The  Confederate  forces  take  possession 

of  Munson's  Hill,  Ya.  Skirmishes  constantly  occuring  in 
the  neighborhood  of  Arlington  Heights,  between  Federals 
and  Southerners. 

September  10 Fight  at  Carnifax  Ferry,  AVestern,  Va. 

The  Federal  forces,  under  Gen.  Kosencrans,  attacked  a  detach- 
ment of  Gen.  Floyd's  forces.  After  a  severe  and  brisk 
engagement,  which  lasted  for  several  hqurs,  Gen.  Floyd  fell 
back. 

September  12 The  Dubuque  (Iowa)  Herald  suppressed 

for  being  friendly  to  the  cause  of  the  South.  ■ 


100  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

September   18 Battle    and  siege   of  Lexington,    Mo. 

The  Confederate  forces,  under  Gen.  Price,  attacked  the  city 
of  Lexington,  which  was  in  possession  of  the  Federals,  under 
Col.  Mulligan ;  the  siege  lasted  three  days,  when  the  Fede- 
rals were  forced  to  surrender.  Federal  loss,  190  killed,  163 
wounded,  and  2,500  taken  prisoners.  Confederate  loss,  145 
killed  and  wounded. 

September  21 Fight  at  Barboursville,  Ky.,  between  a 

body  of  900  Confederates  and  1,700  Federals.  The  Federal 
force  suffered  severely,  and  were  forced  to  retreat. 

September  25 Battle  of  La  Mosa,  Arizona  Territory. 

A  splendid  victory  was  gained  by  the  Southerners  at  La 
Mosa.  The  Federals  were  driven  from  the  country.  Losses 
not  known. 

October  2 The  Confederate  forces,  under  Gen.  Zolli- 

coffer,  take  possession  of  Manchester,  Kentucky. 

October  3 Battle  of  Green-Brier  River,  Virginia.     A 

splendid  victory  was  gained  by  the  Confederates.  The  Fede- 
rals, under  Gen.  Reynolds,  attacked  the  Confederate  forces, 
under  Gen.  Jackson.  After  a  close  fight,  the  enemy  fell  back 
repulsed  with  a  heavy  loss. 

October  4 The  Potomac  river  effectually  blockaded  by 

the  Confederates. 

October  8 Expedition  to  Chicamahcomico  Creek,  coast 

of  North  Carolina.  Three  Confederate  steamers,  under  com- 
mand of  Commodore  Lynch,  made  a  successful  attack  on  the 
Federal  defences,  and  captured  one  Federal  steamer,  and  took 
a  large  quantity  of  arms  and  ammunition. 

October   8 Fight    on    Santa    Rosa   Island,    Gulf    o^ 

Mexico.  A  small  body  of  Confederates,  under  the  com- 
mand of  General  Anderson,  planned  and  executed  a  suc- 
cessful attack  on  a  large  encampment  of  Federal  "  roughs," 
under  the  notorious  ''Billy  Wilson."  The  Federals  were 
completely  routed,  and  cut  to  pieces. 


AND   REPOSITORY  OP   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  101 

October  12 Expedition  to  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi 

River.  Commodore  Hollins,  of  the  Confederate  Navy,  ac- 
complished a  splendid  victory,  by  attacking  the  Federal 
blockading  fleet,  at  the  head  of  the  Passes,  sinking  one  Fed- 
eral steamer,  and  driving  the  remainder  of  the  fleet  out  of 
the  river. 

October  16 Fight  at  Bolivar,   near   Harper's  Ferry. 

Colonel  Ashby,  with  a  small  body  of  Virginians,  succeeded 
in  repelling  an  attack  of  the  Federals,  in  large  force. 

October  21 Battle  at  Leesburg,  Virginia.  The  Con- 
federate forces,  under  command  of  General  Lee,  attacked  the 
Federals,  under  General  Baker.  The  Federals  were  severely 
defeated,  with  great  loss.  General  Baker  was  killed,  and 
immense  numbers  of  the  Federals  were  drowned  in  retreat- 
ing across  the  Potomac  River.  Federal  loss,  732  killed  and 
wounded,  and  659  taken  prisoners;  Confederate  loss,  147 
killed  and  wounded. 

October  22 Fight   in    Carroll    county,    Missouri.     A 

large  body  of  Federals  made  an  attack  on  a  small  force  of 
Confederates.     The  Federals  were  severely  repulsed. 

October  24 Fight  at  Romney,  Western  Virginia.    The 

Federal  forces,  under  General  Kelly,  made  an  attack  on  the 
Confederate  defences  at  Romney.  The  Federals  were  forced 
to  retire  several  times,  and  finally  returned  with  a  superior 
force.  The  Confederate  forces,  under  Colonel  McDonald, 
were  compelled  to  withdraw  from  their  defences.  Losses 
unknown. 

October  24 Fight  at  Rock   Castle   Ford,   Tennessee. 

The  Confederate  forces,  under  General  Zollicofi'er,  attacked 
the  Federals,  and  drove  them  from  their  entrenchments. 
Federal  loss  not  known;  Confederate  loss,  30  killed  and 
wounded. 

October  29 Fight  at  Fredericktown,  Missouri.     The 


102  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

Confederate  forces,  under  Greneral  Jeff,  Thompson,  were  at- 
tacked by  a  large  force  of  Federals.  The  Confederates  gal- 
lantly defended  their  positions  for  several  hours,  when  they 
were  forced  to  retire  before  a  superior  force. 

October  29 The  great  Federal   armada  sails  for  the 

Southern  coast. 

October  29 Fight  on  the  Centreville  road,  near  Lees- 
burg.  A  Mississippi  regiment,  under  Colonel  Barksdale, 
encountered  a  large  body  of  Federals;  after  a  spirited  fight, 
the  Federals  were  badly  repulsed. 

November  2 Skirmish  near  Springfield,  Missouri.     A 

Federal  force  of  mounted  men  attacked  a  body  of  Confed- 
erate cavalry;  after  a  sharp  encounter,  the  Federals  were 
completely  routed,  with  a  severe  loss. 

November  5 Naval  attack  on  Port  Koyal.     Fifteen  war 

vessels,  from  the  Federal  armada,  attacked  Forts  Walker  and 
Bay  Point.     The  Confederate  forces,  after  gallantly  defend 
ing  the  forts,  were   forced  to  evacuate  their  positions  befora 
a  greatly  overwhelming  force. 

November  7 Battle  of  Belmont,  Missouri,  one  of  the 

/'     hardest   fought   battles   of  the  present  war.     The  Federal 
'       forces,  under  Generals  McClernand  and  Bowlin,  attacked  the 
Confederates,    under    General    Pillow   and    General    Polk. 
After  a  hard  fought  battle,  the  Federals  were  defeated,  with 
I       heavy  losses.     Federal  loss,  695  killed  and  wounded ;  Con- 
federate loss,  465  killed  and  wounded,  and  117  missing. 

November  8 Battle  of  Pikeville,  Kentucky.  The  Fed- 
eral forces,  under  General  Nelson,  attacked  the  Confederates, 
under  Colonel  Williams.  After  a  close  fight,  the  Federals 
were  repulsed,  with  a  heavy  loss Mason  and  Slidell,  Con- 
federate States  Ministers,  arrested  on  the  high  seas,  by 
Lieut.  Wilkes,  of  the  Federal  Navy. 

November  10 Fight  at  Guyandotte,  Va.     Resulted  in 


AND   REPOSITORY  OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  103 

a  complete  victory  for  the  Southerners.     The  Federal  forces 

were  surrounded  and  cut  to  pieces Several  skirmishes 

occurred  at  Bristol,  Tenn.,  between  the  Union  men  and  the 
Southerners.  The  Union  men  were  completely  routed,  and 
great  numbers  of  them  captured. 

November  13 The  Great  Northern  Expedition  ("The 

Wildcat  Brigade,")  to  the  Cumberland  Gap,  meets  with  a 
signal  failure.  The  expedition,  after  accomplishing  nearly 
one-half  of  their  journey,  took  fright,  when  commenced  a 
retreat  which  ended  in  a  disgraceful  stampede. 

November  14 Fight  at  McCoy's  Mill,  Western  Vir- 
ginia, between  the  Federal  forces,  under  Gen.  Bcnham,  and 
a  detached  force  of  Gen.  Floyd's  Brigade.  The  Federals 
had  every  advantage,  in  numbers,  artillery,  and  position. 
The  Confederates  had  no  artillery.  After  a  gallant  fight, 
the  Confederates  were  compelled  to  fall  back.  The  most  se- 
rious loss  to  the  Confederates  was  in  the  death  of  Col. 
Croghan. 

November  18 Skirmish  at  Fairfax  Court  House.     A 

heavy  skirmish  took  place  at  Fairfax  Court  House,  between 
a  large  force  of  Yankees  and  a  detachment  of  Virginians. 
The  Yankees  were  driven  from  the  field,  after  losing  10  men 

killed,  and  8  wounded Fight  at  Jacksonboro',  Tennessee 

River.  Two  Federal  gun-boats  attacked  the  Confederate 
battery.  After  a  brisk  engagement,  the  boats  withdrew; 
quite  a  number  of  the  enemy  were  killed,  and  one  boat  dis- 
abled  A   force    of   Federals,   8000   strong,  invades   and 

takes  possession  of  Accomac  county.  Eastern  Virginia.  The 
Confederate  forces,  being  small,  and  nearly  without  arms  and 
ammunition,  were  compelled  to  give  way  to  an  overwhelming 

force Skirmish  near  Falls  Church,  Va.,  between  advanced 

forces  of  the  Federals  and  Southerners.  A  brisk  fight  took 
place,  which  ended  in  a  total  rout  of  the  Federals. 


104  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

November  20 Kentucky  prepares  to  seek    admission 

into  the  Confederate  States.  Provisional  Constitution 
formed ;  G.  W.  Johnson  elected  G-overnor. 

November  22 Fight  at  Pensacola,  Fla.    The  Federals  in 

command  at  Fort  Pickens  opened  their  batteries  on  two  small 
Confederate  steamers  in  the  bay.  Gen.  Bragg,  of  the  Con- 
federate forces,  promptly  replied  by  opening  his  batteries. 
A  general  engagement  commenced  between  the  Federals  and 
Confederates.  Incessant  firing  was  kept  up  by  both  parties 
for  nearly  two  days,  when  the  Federal  batteries  suddenly 
ceased  firing.  Little  or  no  damage  was  sustained  by  the 
Confederate  forts  or  batteries.  The  Federals  must  have  suf- 
fered very  seriously,  as  they  have  not  since  been  able  to  renew 
their  unfinished  attack.  The  Confederate  loss  was  16  killed 
and  wounded. 

November  26 Missouri  admitted  into  the  Confederacy. 

November  30 Crisis    at    hand.      Keasons   now    exist 

which  go  to  show  that  the  last  remnants  of  the  old  Federal 
Union  are  preparing  their  final  and  most  desperate  efi"orts,  to 
crush  out  of  existence  our  young  giant  Confederacy.  The 
Federal  Grand  Army,  under  Gen.  McClellan,  is  preparing 
for  its  second  onward  march  toward  Manassas.  The  long 
talked  of  expedition  down  the  Mississippi  river  is  nearly 
ready  to  start.  Two  new  naval  expeditions  are  about  starting 
for  the  Southern  coast.  Another  attack  is  looked  for  at  Co- 
lumbus, Ky.  A  heavy  force  is  expected  to  attack  Bowling 
Green,  Ky.  All  of  the  above  contemplated  raids  are  the 
last  death-throes  of  the  expiring  enemy  of  the  South.  ^ 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  105 


THE    BATTLE    OF    MANASSAS. 


The  Muse  of  History,  as  she  writes  the  record  of  the  past 
month,  will  incorporate  therein  one  chapter,  devoted  to 
American  Annals,  more  intensely  interesting  in  its  revela- 
tions, than  any  that  has  ever  yet  chronicled  the  changeful 
doom  of  empire.  That  glowing  chapter  might  be  fitly 
headed,  after  the  picturesque  fashion  of  olden  illuminated 
titles, 

^^THE   BATTLE  OF    MANASSAS,'' 

in  letters  of  crimson  and  gold,  as  indicative,  at  once,  of  the 
gory  fate  of  Northern  vandalism,  and  the  brilliant  blazonry 
of  Southern  prowess,  on  the  eventful  21st. 

As  our  present  recital  of  facts  will  quite  probably  be  re- 
ferred to  by  the  future  historiographer  of  our  noble  Confed- 
eracy, we  must  not  omit  to  mention  the  very  important  and 
successful  engagement  of  Bull  Run,  on  the  18th  July,  which 
was  so  inspiriting  a  prelude  to  the  splendid  achievement  of 
Stone  Bridge;  and  in  order  that  the  (perhaps  unborn) 
explorer  among  the  now  formative  archives  of  our  separate 
Nationality  may  have  accurate  data  upon  which  to  proceed, 
it  may  not  be  amiss  to  specify  the  distinct  localities,  which 
will,  for  all  time  to  come,  invest  Prince  William  county  with 
an  interest  not  surpassed,  if  equaled,  by  that  of  any  battle- 
field of  the  first  American  Revolution. 

Bull  Run  constitutes  the  northern  boundary  of  that  county, 
which  it  divides  from  Fairfax ;  and  on  its  now  classic  banks, 
about  three  miles  to  the  northwest  of  the  junction  of  the 
Manassas  Grap  with  the  Orange  and  Alexandria  Railroad,  was 
fought  the  gallant  action  of  the  18th  July;  in  which  the 


106  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

Confederate  troops,  under  the  intrepid  Beauregard,  in  a  fierce 
contest  which  lasted  several  hours,  and  extended  throughout 
the  length  of  our  line,  three  times  triumphantly  repulsed  the 
enemy,  who  had  advanced  in  full  force  from  Fairfax  Court 
House  and  attempted  to  cross  the  stream,  but  were  com- 
pelled, at  last,  to  retreat  in  great  confusion. 

About  four  miles  from  this  memorable  spot,  and,  of  course, 
one  mile  from  the  junction  of  the  two  railroads  above  men- 
tioned, is  Manassas,  recently  a  mere  station  on  the  latter 
named  road,  but  which,  since  its  occupation  by  the  Confed- 
erate troops,  has  almost  grown  into  the  proportions  of  a  village; 
while  its  name  has  become  hallowed  in  the  affections  of  eight 
million  Southrons,  in  whose  ears  the  exultant  shouts  of  an 
unparalleled  victory  yet  ring;  although  it  must  be  confessed, 
with  strict  regard  to  historic  truth,  that  the  event  we  are 
now  recording,  might  be  more  appropriately  termed  the 
battle  of  Stone  Bridge,  where  was  posted  the  main  body  of 
the  Confederate  Army;  the  line,  however,  extending  between 
six  and  seven  miles  up  and  down  the  Run,  and  minor  engage- 
ments occurring  at  various  fords. 

General  Joseph  E.  Johnston,  Commander  of  the  army  of 
the  Shenandoah,  who  had  been  watching,  with  a  lynx's  eye, 
the  movements  of  the  cowardly  Patterson,  had  no  sooner 
ascertained  the  night  retreat  of  the  latter  from  the  vicinity 
of  Winchester  across  the  Potomac,  with  the  rightly  conjec- 
tured design  of  uniting  his  forces  with  those  of  McDowell, 
than  he  hastened  his  own  march  from  Winchester,  with  four 
thousand  of  his  division,  to  Manassas  Junction,  to  reinforce 
G-eneral  Beauregard.  Leaving  the  remainder  of  his  troops, 
except  a  sufficient  force  to  hold  the  town,  to  join  him  on  the 
following  day,  he  reached  the  Junction  on  Friday  the  19th, 
and  immediately  assumed  chief  command,  as  he  was  entitled 
to  do  by  superior  rank ;  although,  with  the  amiable  modesty 


AND    REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  107 

characteristic  of  the  man,  he  assured  General  Beauregard 
that  his  plans,  which  had  been  admirably  devised  and  well 
matured,  would,  in  the  main,  be  followed. 

Early  in  the  morning  of  the  ever-memorable  21st,  the 
advancing  column  of  the  "Grand  Army"  of  the  North,  com- 
prising not  only  twenty-five  thousand  volunteers,  but  also  all 
the  regulars  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  to  the  number  of 
ten  thousand,  collected  since  February  last  in  the  city  of 
Washington,  from  Jefi"erson  Barracks,  from  St.  Louis,  and 
from  Fortress  Monroe,  together  with  a  body  of  marines,  was 
brought  in  one  precipitate  charge  upon  our  left  flank,  which, 
under  command  of  General  Johnston  in  person,  was  posted 
at  the  Stone  Bridge  and  protected  by  almost  impregnable 
works.  This  distinguished  chieftain  was  not  to  be  deceived 
by  the  numerous  active  feints  against  the  right  wing,  but,  at 
once  penetrating  the  flanking  design  of  the  foe,  completely 
frustrated  the  movement  by  a  bold  march  from  his  strong 
position  at  the  Bridge  directly  to  the  front,  where  he  met,  in 
open  field  and  fair  encounter,  the  heavy  odds  of  the  invading 
forces.  Against  this  fearful  odds  of  nearly  double  his  own 
numbers,  did  he  make  good  his  determined  resistance  for 
seven  well-fought  hours,  and  maintained  his  advanced  posi- 
tion, although  his  loss  of  men  was  terrific.  Seizing  the 
colors  of  a  Georgia  regiment,  the  hero  of  Manassas  rallied 
them  to  the  charge,  throwing  himself  into  the  very  thickest 
of  the  fight.  Opportunely,  the  centre  of  the  column,  under 
General  Beauregard,  who  chivalrously  led  the  Hampton 
Legion  into  action,  after  the  gallant  Colonel  Hampton  had 
been  severely  wounded  in  the  eye,  and  Lieut.  Col.  Johnson 
had  been  killed,  advanced  to  the  support  of  General  John- 
ston's division.  The  tide  of  battle  was  at  length  turned  in 
our  favor  by  the  arrival  on  the  ground — as  if  in  Providential 
answer  to  the  wishful  exclamation  of  General  Johnston  to 


108  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

G-eneral  Cocke,  at  this  critical  juncture,  ^'0,  for  four  regi- 
ments !" — of  the  four  thousand  men  he  had  left  in  Win- 
chester. 

General  Kirby  Smith,  who  was  in  command  of  the  rein- 
forcement, heard  the  din  of  battle  above  the  clatter  of  the 
cars  on  the  Manassas  Gap  railroad,  over  which  he  was  hur- 
rying to  the  scene  of  conflict ;  and  stopping  the  train, 
marched  his  eager  troops  at  "double-quick''  across  the 
fields,  and  came  into  the  action  at  the  precise  spot  where  his 
aid  was  most  needed.  Their  arrival  at  that  point  of  the 
field  was  wholly  unexpected,  and  at  first  they  were  supposed 
to  be  a  portion  of  the  Northern  reserve;  but  their  prompt 
alignment  with  the  almost  exhausted  division  of  General 
Johnston  speedily  dissipating  the  error,  the  now  hurried  col- 
umns of  the  enemy  gave  way,  and  a  sudden  panic  seized 
them,  which  rendered  their  defeat  a  perfect  rout. 

Such  a  battle  has  never  been  waged  upon  the  American 
continent;  nor  do  we  think  it  likely  another  ever  will  be,  at 
least  during  the  present  war.  Say  what  they  may,  in  exten- 
uation of  their  disgraceful  flight  before  the  magnificent  body 
of  cavalry  commanded,  in  the  galling  pursuit,  by  Lieut.  Col. 
Stuart,  and  joined  by  President  Davis,  who  had  barely  time 
to  gallop  to  the  field  from  the  train  that  bore  him  to  its 
vicinage,  the  proverbial  phrase,  "a  Waterloo  defeat,"  but 
illy  serves  to  express  the  total  discomfiture  of  the  "  Grand 
Army"  on  the  really  re<:Z-letter  day,  July  21, 1861.  To  say 
it  was  panic-stricken — ^routed — demoralized — but  half  con- 
veys an  idea  of  that  long,  toilsome,  phrensied  stampede  to- 
wards Washington,  among  the  mined  walls  of  whose  dese- 
crated Capitol,  Presidential  mansion,  and  departmental  offices, 
hundreds  of  the  horrified  fugitives  sought  refuge  from  the 
valorous  foe,  whose  nearing  footfall  they  imagined  was  heard, 
like  the  clattering  tramp  of  the  "  Pale  Horse  and  his  Rider," 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  109 

close  upon  their  rear ;  while  the  less  agile,  or  the  more  un- 
fortunate wounded,  were  crushed  down  among  the  mass  of 
train-wagons,  gun-carriages,  well-munitioned  caissons,  sump- 
tuous ambulances,  and  spectators'  vehicles,  all  either  driven 
with  loosened  reins  and  cracking  whips,  by  terrified  Jehus, 
or  deserted  by  their  former  occupants  and  teamsters  to  the 
greed  of  the  captors ;  the  roadways  and  footpaths — nay,  the 
trampled  plains  and  wooded  hills  being  strewn  for  miles  with 
cast-away  arms,  cartridge-boxes,  canteens,  haversacks,  caps, 
knapsacks,  over-coats,  blankets,  etc.;  but  the  sight  most 
piteous  of  all,  was  the  heaps  of  mangled  dead,  apparently 
straining  their  glazed  eyes  to  catch  the  farewell  beams  of  the 
setting  Sabbath  sun  ;  and  the  most  appalling  sounds  that 
voiced  the  ruin  of  that  fatal  day,  were  the  gurgling  prayers 
of  the  dying  for  a  single  draught  of  water. 

Is  it  too  much  to  hazard  the  belief,  that,  after  such  havoc 
made  in  an  army  numbering  over  90,000,  of  whom  35,000  were 
at  one  time  in  the  engagement,  by  a  force  not  exceeding 
50,000,  of  whom  not  more  than  15,000  participated  in  the 
brilliant  action,  another  such  battle  will  hardly  ever  again 
lend  thrilling  interest  to  the  pages  of  American  history? 
France,  it  is  true,  on  the  field  of  Waterloo,  lost  the  day  and 
the  prestige  of  empire }  but  even  then  her  Marshals  main- 
tained the  dignity  of  their  rank,  and  her  veteran  soldiery  the 
honor  of  their  military  character;  but  on  the  disastrous 
Plains  of  Manassas,  ofiicers  and  privates,  regulars  and  volun- 
teers, foi'got  alike  discipline  and  chivalry,  and  gave  them- 
selves over,  as  with  a  lust  of  ignominy,  to  a  demoralization 
almost  utterly  beyond  the  power  of  military  redemption  ;  their 
vaunted  stripes  and  stars,  once  the  honored  flag  of  the  brave, 
now  trailed  in  the  dust  beneath  the  feet  of  their  victors,  or 
raised  in  the  blood-tainted  breeze  only  to  signal  the  flight  of 
abject  fear. 


110  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

While  recording  the  heroic  deeds  of  other  chieftains,  we 
must  not  neglect  the  name  of  General  Jackson,  who,  with 
indomitable  courage,  for  three  mortal  hours,  sustained  the 
deadly  assaults  of  the  enemy,  and  thus  proved  one  of  the 
main  agents  in  achieving  the  triumph  of  our  arms.  Although 
narrators  of  the  startling  events  we  are  recounting  studiously 
avoid,  or  carelessly  omit,  special  mention  of  his  invincible 
prowess,  the  late  lamented  General  Bee,  who  fell  at  the  head 
of  his  column,  mortally  wounded,  just  as  victory  was  about 
to  crown  the  lofty  emprise  of  the  Confederates,  cordially  ac- 
knowledged his  gallant  bearing,  even  at  the  very  instant  of 
the  charge  which  cost  him  his  own  valuable  life.  A  moment 
before,  General  Bee  had  been  well-nigh  overwhelmed  by  su- 
perior numbers,  who  kept  up  a  fire  that  swept  everything 
in  its  range ;  and  when  his  brigade  was  reduced  to  a  mere 
handful,  every  field  ofiicer  being  either  killed  or  disabled,  he 
approached  General  Jackson  with  the  pathetic  exclamation, 
^'  General,  they  are  beating  us  back  ;^'  to  which  the  latter 
promptly  replied,  '^  Sir,  we'll  give  them  the  bayonet."  Gen- 
eral Bee  immediately  rallied  his  overtasked  troops  to  the 
charge,  with  the  words,  '^  There  is  Jackson  standing  like  a 
stone  wall.  Let  us  determine  to  die  here,  and  we  will  con- 
quer. Follow  me !"  Nor  was  the  noble  South  Carolinian 
the  only  leader  on  that  field  of  carnage  and  of  fame,  who 
pointed  to  the  bright  example  of  General  Jackson  as  an  in- 
centive to  further  deeds  of  bravery;  and  it  is  but  sheer  jus- 
tice to  the  patriot  and  the  hero,  that  his  illustrious  name 
should  be  registered  with  the  annals  of  that  glorious  day. 

While  we  mourn  the  loss  of  from  three  to  four  hundred 
killed,  and  assiduously  apply  all  our  therapeutic  resourses  for 
the  relief  of  the  six  or  seven  hundred  of  our  wounded,  it  was 
befitting  the  occasion  — the  fearful,  but  successful,  birth- 
struggle  of  our  new  Nationality — that  the  Confederate  Con- 


AND    REPOSITORY    OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  Ill 

gress,  at  the  pious  suggestion  of  Secretary  Memminger, 
should  recommend  the  observance  of  the  succeeding  Sab- 
bath as  a  season  of  thanksgiving  and  praise  to  Ahnighty  Grod, 
for  the  interposition  of  His  Providence  in  our  behalf.  Not 
all  the  wise  strategy  of  our  skillful  commanders,  nor  the 
daring  courage  and  unflinching  fortitude  of  our  patriotic  sol- 
diery, could  have  saved  us  from  the  ruin  of  defeat  by  the 
overwhelming  array,  disciplined  troops,  formidable  batteries, 
and  well-arranged  tactics  of  the  "Grand  Army,"  which  left 
between  seven  and  eight  thousand  of  its  slain  upon  the  field, 
and  counts  among  its  wounded  and  missing  near  ten  thousand 
more — without  the  special  benison  of  the  Supreme  Ruler  of 
the  Universe  upon  our  self-defensive  efforts.  With  His  pro- 
tection afforded  us,  not  all  the  satanic  sophistry  of  Seward's 
statesmanship — not  all  the  flagrant  falsehoods  of  Lincoln's 
lying  messages — not  all  the  studied  programmes  of  Scott's 
traitorous  experience — not  all  the  batteries  and  bayonets, 
balls  and  bombs,  of  regulars  or  volunteers,  marines  or  militia, 
though  hurtling  never  so  thick,  swift,  and  near,  could  scare 
or  scatter  our  valiant  ranks  :  nay,  nor  handcuffs,  nor  halters — 
woe  betide  the  baseness  and  barbarity  that  necessitate  their 
mention  in  this  connection ! — deprive  us  of  liberty  or  life. 
To  God,  therefore,  be  all  the  glory  that  is  written  in  the 
blood  of  Manassas ! 


^PPEISTDIX 


TO    THE 


Confederate  States  Almanac. 


ABOLITIONISM  FROM  1787  TO  1861: 


A  COMrENDIUM  OF  HISTOmCAL  FACTS,  SHOWING 


Wit  &msi^  tlriit  \\\k  It^  k  i\  $mMm  0f  tlje  liU0u» 


STATE    SOVEKEIGNTY, 


AND 


THE  RIGHT  OF  SECESSION, 


TO  WHICH  IS  ADDED  THE  FINANCIAL  AND  COMMERCIAL  INDEPEND- 
ENCE OF  THE  CONFEDERATE  STATES. 


By  A.  O.  p.  NICHOLSON,  Esa. 


COMPILED  AND  PUBLISHED  BY  H.  C.  CLARKE, 

VICKSBURG,    MISSISSIPPI. 


APPENDIX. 


POLITICAL  REVIEW  OF  THE  OLD  UNION. 

The  movement  that  tlirew  oif  the  rule  of  the  mother 
country,  began  in  the  New  England  Colonics.  These  were 
settled  by  those  Puritans  who  effected  the  Revolution  of 
1620,  and  decapitated  Charles  I.  The  Southern  Colonies 
were  occupied  by  a  more  loyal  class.  To  the  noble  family  of 
Baltimore  was  granted,  by  Royal  Charter,  the  province  of 
Maryland.  To  other  staunch  adherents  of  the  crown  were 
accorded  grants  and  privileges  in  Virginia,  North  and  South 
Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

With  antecedents  so  opposite,  both  North  and  South  joined 
heartily  in  the  War  of  Independence,  making  equal  sacri- 
fices and  dividing  fairly  its  triumphs.  In  1781,  the  strug- 
gling States  formed  a  Confederation,  and  essayed  self-govern- 
ment. The  written  Charter  of  1789  followed  the  form  and 
usages  of  the  British  Constitution.  Supreme  power  was 
divided  between  the  executive  and  legislative  branches ;  but 
all  were  elective.  The  executive  power  was  vested  in  one 
person  for  a  term  of  four  years,  with  special  duties  assigned. 
The  Legislature  was  divided,  as  in  England,  into  two  Houses, 
with  separate  prerogatives.  All  power  not  positively  dele- 
gated to  this  Federal  Government  was  reserved  to  the  States. 

George  Washington  was  the  first  Federal  magistrate,  chosen 
from  a  list  of  twelve  candidates. 

Up  to  this  period,  the  politicians  of  the  country  had,  first, 
contended  in  a  body  against  the  supremacy  of  the  mother 

115 


116  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

country ;  and,  next,  had  united  their  energies  in  the  struc- 
ture of  a  Republican  Constitution. 

During  President  Washington's  term,  they  divided  into 
two  hostile  parties,  each  striving  for  office  through  the  pro- 
fession of  opposite  principles.  The  New  England  States,  led 
by  John  Adams,  advocated  the  power  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment, even  to  straining  the  Constitution.  This  was  the  Fed- 
eral party.  The  Southern  States,  led  by  Thomas  Jefferson, 
maintained  State  rights  against  Federal  encroachment.  This 
was  the  Democratic  party. 

In  1797,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was  elected  Pres- 
ident of  the  Confederacy.  During  his  term,  the  Alien*  and 
Seditionf  laws  were  passed  by  the  Federal  Congress.  These 
enactments  were  opposed  by  the  statesmen  of  the  South, 
since,  in  their  opinion,  they  invested  the  Executive  with 
powers  not  conferred  by  the  Constitution  and  inimical  to 
popular  rights.  The  creation  of  a  National  Bank  was  also  a 
subject  of  keen  controversy.  The  public  men  of  the  North 
sustained  it  with  energy,  while  those  of  the  South  opposed 
it  as  unconstitutional  and  of  doubtful  expediency. 

In  1801,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  Pres- 
ident. During  this  term,  the  New  England  States  displayed 
a  bitter  animosity  to  the  South,  which  arose,  chiefly,  from  the 
South  having  put  a  limit  to  the  slave-trade,  in  which  these 
States  were  profitably  engaged.  When,  therefore.  President 
Jefferson  proposed  the  purchase  of  Louisiana  from  France, 
the  Eastern  States  violently  resisted,  because  it  increased  the 

*  By  the  Alien  law,  June,  1800,  the  President  might  order  all  such 
aliens  as  he  deemed  dangerous  to  quit  the  country,  on  pain  of  three 
years'  imprisonment  and  civil  disability. 

■f  By  the  Sedition  law,  any  person  who  should  libel  the  President, 
or  either  House  of  Congress,  should  be  fined  $2,000,  and  be  impri- 
soned for  two  years. 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  117 

territory  and  power  of  tlie  South.  Congress  empowered  the 
purchase,  April,  I8O0. 

In  1805,  Thomas  Jefferson  was  reelected  to  the  Presi- 
dency. His  second  term  was  troubled  by  the  war  between 
England  and  France.  The  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees  of  Napo- 
leon, and  the  Orders  in  Council  of  the  British  Government, 
equally  assailed  American  interests.  Our  vessels,  bound  either 
to  English  or  French  ports,  incurred  capture  and  confiscation. 
This  left  but  one  alternative,  either  to  abandon  our  trade 
with  Europe,  or  go  to  war  to  protect  it.  To  escape  the  latter, 
President  Jefferson  recommended  an  Embargo  Act,  to  Dut  a 
temporary  stop  to  all  our  foreign  trade.  This  was  vehemently 
opposed  by  the  New  England  States,  because  their  interests, 
being  chiefly  commercial,  were  seriously  damaged.  The 
Embargo  Act  was  passed  by  Congress  in  December,  1807  j 
whereupon  the  Eastern  States  threatened  to  secede  from  the 
Union,  and  form  a  Northern  Coofederacy. 

In  1809,  James  Madison,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  Presi- 
dent. Soon  after  his  accession,  March,  1809,  the  Embargo 
Act  was  repealed,  to  appease  the  New  England  States;  and 
a  less  stringent  law,  the  Non-intercourse  Act,  was  passed  by 
Congress,  May,  1809,  which  prohibited  trade  with  England 
and  France.  New  England,  however,  carried  on  an  indirect 
trade  with  Europe,  through  Canada.  In  spite  of  all  these 
precautious  by  the  (xovernmcnt,  our  interests  and  dignity 
were  incessantly  outraged  by  England.  Finally,  the  indig- 
nation of  the  country  compelled  Congress  to  declare  war, 
May,  1812. 

In  1813,  James  Madison  was  reelected  President.  During 
the  war,  the  Government  was  supported  by  direct  taxes  and 
requisitions  upon  the  States;  but  the  New  England  States 
refused,  for  the  most  part,  to  contribute.'^     The  war  closed, 

^"  Niles'  Register. 


118  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

January,  1815.  To  resuscitate  the  Federal  treasury,  a  new 
financial  policy  was  inaugurated.  A  tariff  of  high  duties 
was  passed  by  Congress,  April,  1816,  New  England  advo- 
cated this  law,  because,  during  the  war,  she  had  transferred 
her  capital  from  commerce  to  manufactures,  for  which  she 
desired  protection.  The  South  was  injured  by  the  tariff,  but 
she  supported  it  from  patriotic  motives.  John  C.  Calhoun, 
of  South  Carolina,  went  so  far  as  to  introduce  a  minimum 
rate  for  ad  valorem  duties,  that  is,  a  rate  below  which  the 
duties  should  not  fall.  A  new  National  Bank  act  was  also 
passed,  April,  1816;  the  old  one  having  expired  in  1811. 

In  1817,  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  was  elected  Presi- 
dent. During  this  terra,  the  interests  of  the  country  pros- 
pered. No  struggle  occurred  between  the  politicians  of  New 
England  and  the  South,  till  1820,  when  Missouri  applied  for 
admission  into  the  Union  as  a  Slave  State.  The  Eastern 
States  opposed  it  violently,  on  the  ground  of  extending 
slavery.  The  Union  was  in  danger  of  dissolution,  when, 
finally,  Missouri  was  admitted  by  Congress  as  a  Slave  State, 
on  the  compromise  that  thereafter  no  Slave  States  should  be 
created  north  of  36°  30'  parallel  of  latitude. 

In  1821,  James  Monroe  was  reelected  President.  During 
this  term,  a  new  conflict  arose  between  the  politicians  of  New 
England  and  those  of  the  South,  on  the  subject  of  the  Tariff 
poUcy  inaugurated  at  the  peace.  New  England  demanded 
more  protection  for  her  manufactures.  This  the  South  op- 
posed, on  the  ground  that  her  manufactures  had  protection 
enough,  and  next,  because  an  increase  of  the  Tarifi"  was  se- 
riously detrimental  to  the  interests  of  the  South. 

In  1825,  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  was 
elected  President.*     During  this  term,  a  heated  contest  was 

*  This  election  was  made  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  as  pro- 
vided in  the  Constitution,  in  default  of  an  election  by  the  people. 


AND   REPOSITORY   CF    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  119 

carried  on  between  New  England  and  the  South,  on  the 
Tariff  poh'cy.  In  1828,  a  new  act  was  passed  by  Congress, 
which  raised  the  duties  to  an  almost  prohibitory  standard. 
The  average  was  40  per  cent,  on  imports.  The  South  de- 
signated this  act  as  the  "  Black  Tariff. 

In  1829,  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  became  Presi- 
dent. During  this  term,  the  extreme  Tariff  policy  of  New 
England  led  to  violent  remonstrance  in  South  Carolina, 
whose  interests  were  seriously  injured.  She  alleged  that  a 
policy  to  enrich  one  section  of  the  country  at  the  expense  of 
another  was  unjust  and  unconstitutional.  She  threatened  to 
resist  this  policy  by  force.  A  compromise  was  effected, 
March,  1833,  by  which  the  obnoxious  Tariff  was  modified  by 
Congress. 

In  1833,  Andrew  Jackson  was  reelected  President. 
During  this  term,  an  acrimonious  struggle  was  carried  on 
between  the  politicians  of  the  North*  and  South,  on  the  Na- 
tional Bank,  created  at  the  peace.  The  former  maintained 
it  was  necessary  to  their  trade  and  commerce ;  the  latter, 
while  denying  its  constitutionality  and  expediency,  also 
avowed  their  fears  of  its  becoming  a  political  machine,  that 
might,  in  the  hands  of  unscrupulous  politicians,  do  much 
harm.  The  charter  was  allowed  to  expire  in  1836.  A  policy 
known  under  the  name  of  '^Internal  Improvements,"  was 
also  discussed  in  this  term.  It  had  tlie  support  of  the 
North,  but  the  South  opposed  it,  as  favoring  one  section  at 
the  cost  of  the  others. 

In  1837,  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  was  elected 
President.  During  this  term,  great  financial  disorder  pre- 
vailed in  the  country.  The  Northern  politicians  proposed, 
as  a  panacea,  a  new  National  Bank,  a  higher  Tariff,  and  a 

*  The  Northern  politicians  dropped  the  title  of  "Federalist"  in 
1824,  and  assumed  that  of  "Whig"  in  1828. 


120  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

Bankrupt  Law.  The  South  opposed  them  all,  as  unnecessary 
and  sectional  in  their  tendency. 

In  1841,  William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio,  was  elected 
President.  He  died  soon  after  his  accession  to  ofl&ce.  The 
Presidency  was  then  administered  by  the  Vice-President, 
John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  as  provided  by  the  Constitution. 
During  this  term.  Northern  policy  mostly  prevailed.  The 
Tariff  was  augmented,  September,  1841,  and  August,  1842. 
A  Bankrupt  Law  was  passed,  August,  1841.*  A  law  was 
carried  through  Congress,  July,  1841,  dividing  the  public 
domain  among  the  respective  States,  in  proportion  to  their 
population.  The  effect  of  this  was  favorable  to  the  manu- 
facturing States  of  New  England;  for,  by  cutting  off  from 
the  Federal  treasury  the  receipts  from  the  public  lands,  it 
made  a  higher  Tariff  imperative,  to  insure  a  sufficient  reve- 
nue. The  new  bank  charter  failed.  At  the  end  of  eighteen 
months,  the  Bankrupt  Act  was  repealed,  1843.  A  new 
Slave  State,  Texas,  was  admitted  to  the  Union,  March  3, 

1845.  The  act  for  dividing  the  public  lands  was  repealed, 
January,  1842,  as  it  was  found  necessary  to  retain  them  as 
security  for  Federal  loans. 

In  1845,  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  was  inaugurated 
President.  During  his  term,  the  Tariff,  which  was  pressing 
heavily  on  the  interests  of  the  South,  was  modified,  July, 

1846.  The  President,  in  a  special  message  to  Congress, 
May,  1846,  announced  that  the  Government  of  Mexico  had 
committed  an  act  of  war  against  the  Confederacy.  On  this' 
occasion,  all  sections  of  the  country.  North  and  South  and 
West,  united  in  declaring  war  against  Mexico.  The  war 
closed,  February,  1848.     The  treaty  of  Gaudalupe-Hidalgo, 


*  By  this  act,  private  debts  to  the  amount  of  $440,000,000,  (£88,- 
000,000)  were  cancelled. 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  121 

which   followed,  ceded   California  and  New  Mexico  to  the 
United  States. 

In  1849,  Zachary  Taylor,  of  Mississippi,  became  Presi- 
dent. During  this  term,  the  old  issues  between  the  politi- 
cians of  the  North  and  South  were  abandoned,  to  wit:  the 
Tariff  policy,  a  National  Bank,  a  system  of  Internal  Im- 
provements, a  Division  of  the  Public  Lands.  The  recent 
acquisitions  of  territory,  however,  afforded  the  public  men 
of  both  sections  a  fertile  field  of  discussion.  The  North 
contended  against  admitting  slavery  into  the  new  territory. 
The  South  declared  that  its  right  to  joint  occupation  was 
incontestible,  both  in  law  and  equity,  and  proposed  that  the 
compromise  of  1820  should  be  renewed,  by  extending  the 
Missouri  line  of  36°  30'  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  This  the 
politicians  of  the  North  refused.  The  controversy  became 
so  violent,  that  a  separation  of  the  North  and  South  seemed 
imminent.  A  compromise,  however,  took  place  in  1850, 
which  stopped  the  discussion,  but  did  not  settle  the  main 
point  in  dispute,  namely  :  the  right  of  the  South  to  joint 
occupation  of  all  new  territory. 

In  1853,  Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire,  became 
President.  During  this  term,  the  discussion  on  slavery  was 
renewed.  A  portion  of  western  territory,  named  Nebraska, 
was  divided  into  two  territories.  One  of  these  was  called 
Kansas,  and  the  other  Nebraska.  The  compromise  line  of 
36°  30'  ran  to  the  south  of  these  territories,  which  would 
have  given  Kansas  as  well  as  Nebraska,  the  largest,  to  the 
North.  On  the  proposition  of  the  Senator  from  Illinois, 
Stephen  A.  Douglas,  the  compromise  line  was  repealed  by 
Congress.  Emigrant  societies  were  established  in  Massachu- 
setts and  Connecticut,  in  1854,  to  furnish  pecuniary  aid  to 
settlers  in  Kansas.  In  consequence,  a  hostile  population 
from  the  North  poured  into  Kansas.     Uands  of  armed  men 


122  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

from  the  Nortli  paraded  the  territory.  The  Federal  Govern- 
ment, whose  jurisdiction  extended  over  this  distant  country, 
was  finally  forced  to  interfere.  The  leaders  of  the  anti- 
slavery  propaganda,  having  violated  the  Federal  prerogative 
by  passing  a  constitution*  and  electing  a  Grovernor,  were  in- 
dicted for  treason,  and  obliged  to  take  flight. "j" 

In  1857,  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  inaugu- 
rated President.  The  whole  of  this  term  was  disturbed  by 
a  heated  contest  between  the  politicians  of  the  North,  on 
the  subject  of  slavery  in  the  territories.  Towards  the  close 
of  this  Presidency,  the  prolonged  strife  between  the  politi- 
cians, on  the  topic  of  slavery,  was  taken  up  by  the  people  of 
the  two  sections,  in  an  election  for  a  new  President,  Novem- 
ber, 1860.  The  Northern  States,  being  in  the  majority, 
pronounced  in  favor  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  the 
exponent  of  their  sectional  views.  Under  these  circum- 
stances, the  Southern  States  have  dissolved  their  connection 
with  the  Union.  The  civil  compact  they  made  with  the 
Northern  States,  in  1789,  guaranteeing  equal  rights  to  both, 
and  equal  protection  to  all,  had  been  violated.  Being  in  a 
minority  in  the  Confederacy,  they  could  oppose  no  legal 
barrier  to  the  anti-slavery  sentiments  of  the  North,  which, 
carried  into  legislation,  would  confiscate  their  property,  and 
even  involve  their  lives. 

*  Called  the  Topeka  Constitution,  after  the  village  where  the  Con- 
vention met. 

f  The  Northern  politicians,  during  this  term,  dropped  the  appel- 
lation of  "  Whig,"  and  assumed  that  of  "  Republican,"  better  known 
as  "  Black  Republican." 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  123 

History  of 
ABOLITIONISM  IN  THE  NOETHERN  STATES. 


AGGRESSIONS  OF  THE  ABOLITIONISTS  AND  FANATICS  OF  THE 
NORTH  ON  THE  RIGHTS  AND    PROPERTY  OF  THE  SOUTH. 


Abolitionism,  under  the  guise  of  pliilantliropic  reform,  has 
pursued  its  course  with  energy,  boldness,  and  unrelenting 
bitterness,  until  it  has  grown  from  '^a  cloud  no  bigger  than 
a  man's  hand''  into  the  dimensions  of  the  tempest  which  is 
to-day  lowering  over  the  land,  charged  with  the  elements  of 
destruction.  Commencing  with  a  pretended  love  for  the 
black  race,  it  has  arrived  at  a  stage  of  restless,  uncompro- 
mising fanaticism,  which  will  be  satisfied  with  nothing  short 
of  the  consummation  of  its  wildest  hopes.  It  has  become 
the  grand  question  of  the  day  at  the  North — of  politics,  of 
ethics,  of  expediency,  of  justice,  of  conscience,  and  of  law, 
covering  the  whole  field  of  human  society  and  divine  govern- 
ment. 

In  this  view  of  the  subject,  and  in  view  also  of  the  sur- 
rounding circumstances  of  the  country,  which  have  their 
origin  in  this  agitation,  we  give  below  a  history  of  abolition- 
ism, from  the  period  it  commenced  to  exist,  as  an  active 
element  in  the  affairs  of  the  nation,  down  to  the  present 
moment. 

ABOLITIONISTS   AND    THEIR    OBJECTS. 

The  real  ultra  abolitionists,  who  comprise  the  larger  body 
of  the  people  of  the  North — the  ^^  reformers,"  in  the  lau- 


124  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

guage  of  Henry  Clay,  are  ''  resolved  to  persevere  at  all 
hazards,  and  without  regard  to  any  consequences,  however 
calamitous  they  may  be.  With  them,  the  rights  of  property 
are  nothing;  the  deficiency  of  the  powers  of  the  general 
government  is  nothing ;  the  acknowledged  and  incontestable 
powers  of  the  States  are  nothing  -,  civil  war,  a  dissolution  of 
the  Union,  and  the  overthrow  of  a  government,  in  which  are 
concentrated  the  fondest  hopes  of  the  civilized  world,  are 
nothing.  They  are  for  the  immediate  abolition  of  slavery, 
the  prohibition  of  the  removal  of  slaves  from  State  to  State, 
and  the  refusal  to  admit  any  new  State  comprising  within  its 
limits  the  institution  of  domestic  slavery — all  these  being 
but  so  many  means  conducive  to  the  accomplishment  of  the 
ultimate  end  at  which  they  avowedly  and  boldly  aim — so 
many  short  stages,  as  it  were,  in  the  long  and  bloody  road  to 
the  distant  goal  at  which  they  would  ultimately  arrive. 
Their  purpose  is  abolition,  '  peaceably  if  it  can,  forcibly  if  it 
must.' " 

Utterly  destitute  of  Constitutional,  or  other  rightful  power; 
living  in  totally  distinct  communities,  as  alien  to  the  com- 
munities in  which  the  subject  on  which  they  would  operate 
resides,  as  far  as  concerns  political  power  over  that  subject, 
as  if  they  lived  in  Asia  or  Africa,  they  nevertheless  promul- 
gate to  the  world  their  purpose  to  immediately  convert, 
without  compensation,  four  millions  of  profitable  and  con- 
tented slaves  into  four  millions  of  burdensome  and  discon- 
tented negroes. 

This  idea,  which  originated,  and  still  generall}'-  prevails,  in 
New  England,  is  the  result  of  that  puritanical  frenzy  which 
has  always  characterized  that  section  of  the  country,  and 
made  it  the  natural  breeding-ground  of  the  most  absurd 
^'  isms "  ever  concocted.  The  Puritans  of  to-day  are  not 
less  fanatical  than  were  the  Puritans  of  two  centuries  ago. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  125 

In  fact,  they  have  progressed,  rather  than  retrograded. 
Their  god  then  was  the  angry,  wrathful,  jealous  god  of  the 
Jews — the  Supreme  Being,  now,  is  the  creation  of  their  own 
intellects,  proportioned  in  dimensions  to  the  depth  and  fervor 
of  their  individual  understandings.  Then,  the  Old  Testa- 
ment was  their  rule  of  faith.  Now,  neither  old  nor  new, 
except  in  so  far  as  it  accords  with  their  consciences,  is  worth 
the  paper  upon  which  it  is  written.  Their  creeds  are 
begotten  of  themselves,  and  their  high-priests  are  those  who 
best  represent  their  peculiar  ''  notions.'^  The  same  spirit 
which,  in  the  days  of  Robespierre  and  Marat,  abolished  the 
Lord's  day  and  worshipped  Reason,  in  the  person  of  a  harlot, 
yet  survives  to  work  other  horrors.  In  this  age,  however, 
and  in  a  community  like  the  present,  a  disguise  must  be 
worn ;  but  it  is  the  old  threadbare  advocacy  of  human  rights, 
which  the  enlightenment  of  the  age  condemns  as  impracti- 
cable. The  decree  has  gone  forth  which  strikes  at  God,  by 
striking  at  all  subordination  and  law,  and  under  the  specious 
cry  of  reform,  it  is  demanded  that  every  pretended  evil  shall 
be  corrected,  or  society  become  a  wreck — that  the  sun  must 
be  stricken  from  the  heavens  if  a  spot  is  found  upon  his  disc. 
The  abolitionist  is  a  practical  atheist.  In  the  language  of 
one  of  their  congregational  ministers — Rev.  Henry  Wright, 
of  Massachusetts  : 

"The  God  of  humanity  is  not  the  God  of  slavery.  If  so,  shame 
upon  such  a  God.  I  scorn  him.  I  will  never  bow  to  his  shrine  ;  my 
head  shall  go  off  with  my  hat  when  I  take  it  off  to  such  a  God  as 
that.  If  the  Bible  sanctions  slavery,  the  Bible  is  a  self-evident 
falsehood.  And,  if  God  should  declare  it  to  be  right,  I  would  fasten 
the  chain  upon  the  heel  of  such  a  God,  and  let  the  man  go  free. 
Such  a  God  is  a  phantom." 

The  religion  of  the  people  of  New  England  is  a  peculiar 
morality,  around  which  the  minor  matters  of  society  arrange 


126  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

themselves  like  ferruginous  particles  around  a  loadstone. 
All  the  elements  obey  this  general  law.  Accustomed  to 
doing  as  it  j^leases,  New  England  ''morality"  has  usually 
accomplished  what  it  has  undertaken.  Itr  has  attacked  the 
Sunday  mails,  assaulted  Free  Masonry,  triumphed  over  the 
intemperate  use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  finally  engaged  in  an 
onslaught  upon  the  slavery  of  the  South.  Its  channels  have 
been  societies,  meetings,  papers,  lectures,  sermons,  resolu- 
tions, memorials,  protests,  legislation,  private  discussion,  pub- 
lic addresses  ;  in  a  word,  every  conceivable  method  whereby 
appeal  may  be  brought  to  mind.  Its  spirit  has  been  agita- 
tion I — and  its  language,  fruits,  and  measures,  have  partaken 
throughout  of  a  character  that  is  thoroughly  warlike. 

''  In  language  no  element  ever  flung  out  more  defiance  of 
authority,  contempt  of  religion,  or  authority  to  man.  As  to 
agency,  no  element  on  earth  has  broken  up  more  friendships 
and  families,  societies  and  parties,  churches  and  denomina- 
tions, or  ruptured  more  organizations,  political,  social,  or  do- 
mestic. And  as  to  measures  !  What  spirit  of  man  ever 
stood  upon  earth  with  bolder  front  and  wielded  fiercer 
weapons  ?  Stirring  harangues  !  Stern  resolutions  !  Fretful 
memorials  !  Angry  protests  !  Incendiary  pamphlets  at  the 
South !  Hostile  legislation  at  the  North !  Underground 
railroads  at  the  West !  Resistance  to  the  Constitution ! 
Division  of  the  Union !  Military  contribution  !  Sharpe's 
rifles  !  Higher  law !  If  this  is  not  belligerence  enough, 
Mohammed's  work  and  the  old  Crusades  were  an  appeal  to 
argument  and  not  to  arms." 

It  is  a  very  common  error  that  the  Puritans  persecuted 
themselves  for  opinion's  sake,  sought  liberty  of  conscience  in 
the  wilderness  of  America,  and  there  erected  its  altar.  To 
Sir  George  Calvert  belongs  the  imperishable  glory  of  first 
establishing  a  government  of  which  universal  toleration  and 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  127 

religious  freedom  were  the  chief  foundation  stones.  It  is  a 
remarkable  fact  that  the  same  spot — the  shores  of  Maryland 
— which  was  thus  embalmed  in  the  affections  of  freemen, 
should,  after  the  lapse  of  a  little  more  than  two  centuries 
and  a  quarter,  be  the  first  territory  of  the  great  republic  de- 
secrated by  the  foot  of  the  tyrant,  and  the  extinction  of 
political  and  civil  liberty. 

It  is  true  that  the  Puritans  fled  from  England  on  account 
of  violent  opposition,  amounting  to  persecution.  In  thus 
expatriating  these  schismatics,  the  English  of  that  day,  as 
subsequent  developments  have  demonstrated,  exhibited  a 
thorough  insight  into  the  nature  and  tendencies  of  their 
principles  and  character.  One  of  their  first  acts,  after  their 
colony  had  assumed  some  form  and  substance,  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  spiritual  despotism  and  religious  intolerance  as 
cruel  and  relentless  as  the  Roman  Inquisition  in  Spain. 
Professing  to  be  themselves  religious  refugees,  they  de- 
nounced a  dreary  banishment  against  all  heretics  and  non- 
conformists. Every  student  of  American  history  is  familiar 
with  the  sad  but  ever-glorious  story  of  Roger  Williams.  He 
was  a  fugitive  from  the  persecutions  of  the  old  world,  but, 
unlike  his  fellow-sufi'erers,  comprehended  the  nature  and 
wrong  of  intolerance,  and  proposed  the  true  remedy.  He 
taught  that  'Hhe  civil  magistrate  should  restrain  crime,  but 
never  control  opinion  ;  should  punish  guilt,  but  never  violate 
the  freedom  of  the  soul.''  He  contended  for  the  abolition 
of  all  laws  punishing  non-conformists,  requiring  the  perform- 
ance of  religious  duties,  enforcing  pecuniary  contributions  to 
the  support  of  the  church;  and  that  equal  protection  should 
be  extended  to  every  religious  belief — the  peace  of  the  State, 
like  the  vital  fluid  we  breathe,  surroundino-  and  o-atherinc: 
alike  over  mosque,  synagogue,  cathedral,  and  the  humble 
"house  of  God"  of  the   Protestant,   securing  to  their  re- 


128  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

spective  worshippers  unmolested  sanctity  of  conscience.  For 
holding  and  advocating  these  just  and  truly  sublime  doc- 
trines, now  fully  recognized  and  enforced  by  the  free  Consti- 
tution of  the  Confederate  States,  this  "young  minister, 
godly  and  zealous,  having  precious  gifts,^'  and  whose  opinions 
and  teachings  we  have  given  in  almost  the  identical  language 
of  a  Yankee  historian,  was  most  cruelly  persecuted  by  the 
Puritans,  and  forced  to  hide  himself  in  the  recesses  of  the 
howling  wilderness  ^'  in  winter  snow  and  inclement  weather, 
of  which  he  remembered  the  severity  even  in  his  late  old 
age."  "  Often,'^  says  Bancroft,  "  in  the  stormy  night  he  had 
neither  fire,  nor  food,  nor  company ;  often  he  wandered  with- 
out a  guide,  and  had  no  house  but  a  hollow  tree."  The 
savage  of  the  forest,  more  tolerant  than  these  narrow  bigots, 
and  who  knew  not  his  God  at  all,  kindly  rescued  him  from 
the  dread  doom  to  which  he  had  been  consigned,  to  find  a 
new  home,  and  found  a  new  State,  by  the  undisturbed  waters 
of  the  Narragansett.  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  a  most  pure  and 
excellent  woman,  for  the  same  crime,  suffered  the  same  mis- 
erable persecutions.  There  is  no  more  infallible  criterion  of 
the  tone  of  a  people  than  the  position  occupied  by  the  weaker 
sex.  Gallantry  was  the  guiding-star  of  returning  light  in  the 
mediasval  ao-es.  Devotion  to  women  makes  gentlemen.  And 
where  gentlemen  inhabit,  there  woman  "  rules  the  court,  the 
camp,  the  grove ;"  her  refined  presence  elevates  him  above 
his  more  grovelling  nature;  and  in  return  he  is  in  very 
truth  her  slave,  and  with  life  and  limb  and  manly  honor  de- 
voted to  her  service.  The  historical  fact  which  we  last  men- 
tioned, therefore,  truly  illustrates  Yankee  character.  Heavens ! 
what  a  spectacle  !  A  horde  of  mean-spirited,  whining  Yan- 
kees pelting  a  shivering,  defenceless  woman  into  a  rigorous 
exile,  for  entertaining  a  peculiar  opinion,  or  not  conforming 
to  some  rite  of  public  worship.     And  with  what  unutterable 


AND   REPOSITORY  OP    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  129 

indignation  does  the  Southern  blood  boil  at  the  hanging  of 
Mary  Dyer,  simply  because  she  was  a  Quaker.  This  was  her 
only  offence.  She  died,  and  died  upon  the  gallows,  because 
she  held  a  faith  different  from  those  people  lolio  had  devoted 
themselves  a  sacrifice  on  the  altar  of  religious  liberty.  The 
ferocious  and  bloody  fanaticism  of  the  witchcraft  persecutions 
is  too  revoltinc;  for  statement.     It  is  enoucrh  to  recur  to  it. 

"And  what  man,  seeing  this, 
And  having  human  feelings,  does  not  blush. 
And  hang  his  head,  to  think  himself  a  man!" 

Glance  for  a  moment  at  the  Puritans  in  power  in  the  colony 
of  Maryland,  in  the  year  1676.  We  have  already  alluded 
to  the  fact  that  the  Koman  Catholics  had  there  established 
perfect  freedom  of  conscience,  and  opened  an  asylum  for  the 
persecuted  and  proscribed  of  every  faith.  Availing  them- 
selves of  this  liberality  of  religious  jurisprudence,  many 
Puritans  from  New  England  entered  the  colony,  and  in  the 
course  of  a  revolution,  in  the  year  we  have  named,  mounted 
into  political  power.  The  earliest  exercise  of  sovereignty  by 
this  new  and  godly  rcgitne  was  an  edict  prohibiting  the  free- 
dom of  public  worship  to  all  papists  and  prelatists.  Here 
we  see  manifested  the  same  despicable  spirit  that  now  ani- 
mates the  Lincoln  government.  Indeed,  the  Yankee  is  the 
same  animal  in  all  ages,  and  in  all  situations.  He  is  "  uni- 
versal." 

The  srreat  fathers  of  the  State  were  convinced  that  the 

o 

heterogeneous  peoples,  whom  they  had  bound  together,  would 
not  long  dwell  in  peace.  Washiugton  sincerely  desired  the 
perpetuation  of  the  Union,  but  he  died  in  the  belief  that, 
in  the  course  of  time,  his  tomb  would  become  the  exclusive 
property  of  the  South.  And  John  Adams,  perhaps  the  next 
man  to  Alexander  Hamilton,  among  the  Northern  patriots, 


130  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

had  a  clear  and  unclouded  vision  of  the  great  rupture, 
though  he  was  somewhat  deceived  as  to  its  proximity  to  his 
own  day.  The  following  passage  from  Mr.  Jefferson's  diary, 
presents  the  views  of  Mr.  Adams  upon  this  subject,  and  is 
also  interesting  as  another  illustration  of  the  supreme  mean- 
ness of  Yankee  sentiment,  even  in  its  most  exalted  type. 

"  December  the  30th,  1803.  The  Rev.  Mr.  Coffin,  of  New  Eng- 
land, who  is  now  here,  soliciting  donations  for  a  college  in  Green 
county,  in  Tennessee,  tells  me  that  when  he  first  determined  to  en- 
gage in  this  enterprise,  he  wrote  a  paper,  recommendatory  of  the 
enterprise,  which  he  meant  to  get  signed  by  clergymen,  and  a  simi- 
lar one  for  persons  in  a  civil  character,  at  the  head  of  which  he 
wished  Mr.  Adams  to  put  his  name,  he  being  then  President,  and  the 
application  going  only  for  his  name,  and  not  for  a  donation.  Mr. 
Adamsf  after  reading  the  paper  and  considering,  said  '  he  saw  no 
possibility  of  continuing  the  union  of  the  States ;  that  their  dissolu- 
tion must  necessarily  take  place;  that  he,  therefore,  saw  no  pro- 
priety in  recommending  to  New  England  men  to  promote  a  literary 
institution  in  the  South;  that  it  was,  in  fact,  giving  strength  to 
those  who  were  to  be  their  enemies,  and  therefore  he  would  have 
nothing  to  do  with  it.'  " 

What  was  philanthropy  in  our  forefathers  has  become  mis- 
anthropy in  their  descendants,  and  compassion  for  the  slave 
has  given  way  to  malignity  against  the  master.  Conse- 
quences are  nothing.  The  one  idea  preeminent  above  all 
others  is  abolition  I 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  in  this  connection  that  most  aboli- 
tionists know  little  or  nothing  of  slavery  and  slaveholders 
beyond  what  they  have  learned  from  excited,  caressed,  and 
tempted  fugitives,  or  from  a  superficial,  accidental,  or  preju- 
diced observation.  From  distorted  facts,  gross  misrepresen- 
tations, and  frequently  malicious  caricatures,  they  have  come 
to  regard  Southern  slaveholders  as  the  most  unprincipled 
men  in  the  universe,  with  no  incentive  but  avarice,  no  feel- 
ing but  selfishness,  and  no  sentiment  but  cruelty. 


AND   REPOSITORY   Or   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  131 

Their  information  is  acquired  from  discharged  seamen, 
runaway  slaves,  agents,  factious  politicians,  and  scurrilous 
tourists ',  and  no  matter  how  exaggerated  may  be  the  facts, 
they  never  fail  to  find  willing  believers  among  this  class  of 
people. 

In  the  Church,  the  missionary  spirit  with  which  the  men 
of  other  times  and  nobler  hearts  intended  to  embrace  all, 
both  bond  and  free,  has  been  crushed  out.  New  methods  of 
Scriptural  interpretation  have  been  discovered,  under  which 
the  Bible  brincrs  to  liaht  thino;s  of  which  Jesus  Christ  and 

o  o  o 

his  disciples  had  no  conception.  Assemblings  for  divine 
worship  have  been  converted  into  occasions  for  the  secret 
dissemination  of  incendiary  doctrines,  and  thus  a  common 
suspicion  has  been  generated  of  all  Northern  agency  in  the 
diffusion  of  religious  instruction  among  the  slaves.  Of  the 
five  broad,  beautiful  bands  of  Christianity  thrown  around  the 
North  and  the  South — Presbyterian,  old  school  and  new, 
Episcopalian,  Methodist,  and  Baptist,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
divisions  of  Bible,  tract,  and  missionary  societies — three  are 
already  ruptured — and  whenever  an  anniversary  brings  to- 
gether the  various  delegates  of  these  organizations,  the  sad 
spectacle  is  presented  of  division,  wrangling,  vituperation, 
and  reproach,  that  gives  to  religion  and  its  professors  any 
thing  but  that  meekness  of  spirit  with  which  it  is  wont  to 
be  invested. 

Politically,  the  course  of  abolition  has  been  one  of  constant 
aggression  upon  the  South. 

At  the  time  of  the  Old  Confederation,  the  amount  of  ter- 
ritory owned  by  the  Southern  States  was  647,202  square 
miles;  and  the  amount  owned  by  the  Northern  States, 
164,081.  In  1783,  Virginia  ceded  to  the  United  States,  for 
the  common  benefit,  all  her  immense  territory  northwest  of 
the  river  Ohio.     In  1787,  the  Northern  States  appropriated 


182  THE    CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

it  to  their  own  exclusive  use,  by  passing  the  celebrated  ordi- 
nance of  that  year,  whereby  Virginia  and  all  her  sister  States 
were  excluded  from  the  benefits  of  the  territory.  This  was 
the  first  in  the  series  of  aggressions. 

Again,  in  April,  1803,  the  United  States  purchased  from 
France,  for  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  the  territory  of  Lou- 
isiana, comprising  an  area  of  1,189,112  square  miles,  the 
whole  of  which  was  slaveholding  territory.  In  1821,  by  the 
passage  of  the  Missouri  Compromise,  904,667  square  miles 
of  this  was  converted  into  free  territory. 

Again,  by  the  treaty  with  Spain,  of  February,  1819,  the 
United  States  gained  the  territory  from  which  the  present 
State  of  Florida  was  formed,  with  an  area  of  59,268  square 
miles,  and  also  the  Spanish  title  of  Oregon,  from  which  they 
acquired  an  area  of  341,463  square  miles.  Of  this  cession, 
Florida  only  has  been  allowed  to  the  Southern  States,  while 
the  balance — nearly  six-sevenths  of  the  whole — was  appro- 
priated by  the  North. 

Again,  by  the  Mexican  cession,  was  acquired  526,078 
square  miles,  which  the  North  attempted  to  appropriate  under 
the  pretence  of  the  Mexican  laws,  but  which  was  prevented 
by  the  measures  of  the  Compromise  of  1850.  Of  slave  ter- 
ritory cut  ofi"  from  Texas,  there  have  been  44,662  square 
miles. 

To  sum  this  up,  the  total  amount  of  territory  acquired 
under  the  Constitution  has  been,  by  the 

Northwest  cession 286,681  square  miles. 

Louisiana  cession 1,189,112       "         " 

Florida  and  Oregon  cession 400,731       "         " 

Mexican  cession 526,078       "         " 

Total 2,402,602       "         *« 

Of  all  this  territory,  the  Southern  States  have  been  per- 
mitted to  enjoy  only  283,713  square  miles,  while  the  Northern 


AND    REPOSITORY   OP    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  133 

States  have  been  allowed  2,083,889  square  miles,  or  between 
seven  and  eight  times  more  than  has  been  allowed  to  the 
South. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  invasions  that  have  been, 
from  time  to  time,  proposed  upon  the  Constitution,  in  the 
halls  of  Congress,  by  these  agitators : 

1.  That  the  clause  allowing  the  representation  of  three- 
lifths  of  the  slaves  shall  be  obliterated  from  the  Constitution  ; 
or,  in  other  words,  that  the  South,  already  in  a  vast  and  in- 
creasing minority,  shall  be  still  further  reduced  in  the  scale 
of  insignificance,  and  thus,  on  every  attempted  usurpation  of 
her  rights,  be  far  below  the  protection  of  even  a  Presidential 
veto. 

Nest  has  been  demanded  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the 
District  of  Columbia,  in  the  forts,  arsenals,  navy  yards  and 
other  public  establishments  of  the  United  States.  "What  ob- 
ject have  the  abolitionists  had  for  raising  all  this  clamor 
about  a  little  patch  of  soil  ten  miles  square,  and  a  few  in- 
considerable places,  thinly  scattered  over  the  land — a  mere 
grain  of  sand  upon  the  beach — unless  it  be  to  establish  the 
precedent  of  Congressional  interference,  which  would  enable 
them  to  make  a  wholesale  incursion  upon  the  constitutional 
rights  of  the  South,  and  to  drain  from  the  vast  ocean  of  al- 
leged national  guilt  its  last  drop  ?  Does  any  one  suppose 
that  a  mere  microscopic  concession  like  this  would  alone  ap- 
pease a  conscience  wounded  and  lacerated  by  the  ^^  sin  of 
slavery  V 

Another  of  these  aggressions  is  tjiat  which  was  proposed 
under  the  pretext  of  regulating  commerce  between  the 
States — namely,  that  no  slave,  for  any  purpose  and  under  any 
circumstances  whatever,  shall  be  carried  by  his  lawful  owner 
from  one  slavcholding  State  to  another ;  or,  in  other  words, 
that  where  slavery  now  is  there  it  shall  remain  forever,  until, 


134  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

by  its  own  increase,  the  slave  population  sliall  outnumber  the 
white  race,  and  thus  by  a  united  combination  of  causes — the 
fears  of  the  master,  the  diminution  in  value  of  his  property, 
and  the  exhausted  condition  of  the  soil — the  final  purposes 
of  fanaticism  may  be  accomplished. 

Still  another  in  the  series  of  aggressions,  was  that  at- 
tempted by  the  Wilmot  Proviso,  by  which  Congress  was 
called  upon  to  prohibit  every  slaveholder  from  removing  with 
his  slaves  into  the  territory  acquired  from  Mexico — a  terri- 
tory as  large  as  the  old  thirteen  States  originally  composing 
the  Union.  It  appears  to  have  been  forgotten  that  whether 
slavery  be  admitted  upon  one  foot  of  territory  or  not,  it  can- 
not affect  the  question  of  its  sinfulness  in  the  slightest  de- 
gree, and  that  if  every  nook  and  corner  of  the  national  fabric 
were  open  to  the  institution,  not  a  single  slave  would  be 
added  to  the  present  number,  or  that,  if  excluded,  their 
number  would  not  be  a"  single  one  the  less. 

We  might  also  refer  to  the  armed  and  bloody  opposition  to 
the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  to  the  passage  of  Personal  Liberty 
Bills,  to  political  schemes  in  Congress  and  out,  and  to  sys- 
tematic agitation  everywhere,  with  a  view  to  stay  the  progress 
of  the  South,  contract  her  political  power,  and  eventually 
lead,  at  her  expense,  if  not  of  the  Union  itself,  to  the  utter 
expurgation  of  this  "tremendous  national  sin." 

In  short,  the  abolitionists  have  contributed  nothing  to  the 
welfare  of  the  slave  or  of  the  South.  While  over  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  millions  have  been  expended  by  slaveholders 
in  emancipation,  except  in  those  sporadic  cases  where  the 
amount  was  capital  invested  in  self-glorification,  the  aboli- 
tionists have  not  expended  one  cent. 

More  than  this :  They  have  defeated  the  very  objects  at 
which  they  have  aimed.  When  Virginia,  Maryland,  Ken- 
tucky, or  some  other  border  State  has  come  so  near  to  the 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  135 

passage  of  gradual  emancipation  laws  that  the  hopes  of  the 
real  friends  of  the  movement  seemed  about  to  be  realized, 
abolitionism  has  stepped  in,  and,  with  frantic  appeals  to  the 
passions  of  the  negroes,  through  incendiary  publications, 
dashed  them  to  the  ground,  and  producing  a  reaction  through- 
out the  entire  community  that  has  crushed  out  every  in- 
cipient thought  of  future  manumission. 

Such  have  been  the  obvious  fruits  of  abolition.  Church, 
State,  and  society  ! — nothing  has  escaped  it.  Nowhere  pure, 
nor  peaceable,  nor  gentle,  nor  easily  entreated,  nor  full  of 
mercy  and  good  fruits ;  but  everywhere  forward,  scowling, 
uncompromising,  and  fierce,  breaking  peace,  order,  and  struc- 
ture, at  every  step,  crushing  with  its  foot  what  would  not  bow 
to  its  will ;  defying  government,  despising  the  Church,  di- 
viding the  country,  and  striking  Heaven  itself,  if  it  dared  to 
obstruct  its  progress ;  purifying,  pacifying,  promising  nothing, 
but  marking  its  entire  pathway  by  disquiet,  schism,  and  ruin. 

We  come  now  to  the  train  of  historical  facts  upon  which 
we  rely  in  proof  of  the  foregoing  assertions. 

From  what  I  have  already  stated,  it  may  be  seen  that 
during  the  colonial  existence  of  this  country,  African  Slavery 
had  been  introduced  and  overspread  its  whole  surface.  The 
Southern  Colonies  had,  from  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and 
the  value  of  their  productions,  become  the  most  profitable 
mart  for  Black  labor ;  but  the  influx  gradually  outstripped 
their  productive  powers,  and  began,  as  elsewhere,  to  inspire 
the  leading  men  of  this  section  with  serious  alarm.*  They 
devised  what  means  they  could  to  check  it,,  but  commercial 
rapacity  eluded  or  overpowered  their  remonstrances.  While 
the  Southern  Colonies  were  thus  sufi"ering,  at  this  early  date, 
both  inconvenience  and  detriment  from  the  Blacks  who  were 

*  On  account  of  the  immense  number  of  Slaves  imported  by  the 
North. 


136  THE   CONrEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

forced  upon  them,  the  Northern,  or  New  England  Colonies, 
were  driving  a  brisk  and  profitable  business  upon  the  solitary 
basis  of  the  African  Slave  Trade.  The  principal  occupa- 
tions of  these  Colonies  consisted  of  Commerce  and  the  Fish- 
eries. The  New  England  ships  made  the  voyage  to  England 
with  tobacco,  rice,  and  other  Southern  products,  and  then 
took  in  British  manufactures  for  the  Gold  Coast,  which  ex- 
changing for  Blacks,  they  returned  with  them  to  the  South- 
ern Colonies,  sold  them,  and  reloaded  with  tobacco,  etc.,  for 
the  North  and  Europe,  as  before,  thus  completing  the  round 
voyage.  The  fisheries  employed  a  considerable  number  of 
persons,  and  the  cured  fish  found  sale  chiefly  in  the  Catholic 
countries  of  Europe,  mostly  in  exchange  for  coin,'^  which 
was  always  in  demand  for  England.  Large  quantities  of 
these  fish  were  sold  in  the  West  Indies  for  sugar  and  mo- 
lasses. The  latter  was  distilled  into  rum,  which,  in  the 
changing  character  of  ^he  Slave  Trade  on  the  Coast  under 
the  British  Grovernors,  rapidly  became  a  favorite  article  of 
barter  for  Blacks,  greatly  to  the  dissatisfaction  of  the  English 
manufacturers  of  coast-goods.  Lord  Sheffield,  in  his  report 
to  the  Parliamentary  Committee  of  1777,  states,  that  ''out 
of  the  Slavers  which  periodically  left  Boston,  thirteen  of 
them  were  loaded  with  rum  only,  and  that  having  exchanged 
this  for  2,888  Negroes  with  the  governors  of  the  Gold  Coast, 
they  carried  them  thence  to  the  Southern  Colonics."  The 
same  report  mentions  that  during  the  three  years  ending  with 
1770,  New  England  had  sent  270,147  gallons  of  rum  to  the 
Gold  Coast.  Thus,  from  what  I  have  stated,  the  startling 
fact  will  be  elicited,  that  the  Northern  and  Southern  Colo- 
nies, long  before  the  breaking  out  of  the  Revolutionary  War, 
were    engaged   in   a   lively    controversy    on    the  subject  of 

*  These  were  almost  the  only  coins  that  cii'ciilated  in  those  Colo- 
nies at  that  time,  and  consisted  of  Joes,  Ilalf-Joes,  Pistoles,  etc. 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  1S7 

slavery;  the  South  resisting  the  excessive  flow  of  Blacks 
into  their  section,  and  New  England  persisting  in  the  impor- 
tation for  the  profits  of  the  trade.  The  South  was  anxious 
to  stop  the  Slave  Trade  and  manumit  their  Blacks,  but  New 
England,  like  the  mother  country,  was  not  disposed  to  listen 
to  them,  and  abandon  so  lucrative  a  traffic. 

Mr.  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the 
most  earnest  advocates  of  the  Southern  sentiment.  In  1777, 
being  then  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Legislature,  he  brought 
in  a  bill  which  became  a  law,  "  to  prevent  the  importation  of 
slaves."  He  also  proposed  a  system  of  general  emancipation, 
as  a  preliminary  to  which  he  introduced  a  bill  to  authorize 
manumission,  and  this  became  a  law.  In  these  efforts  he  had 
the  support  and  sympathy  of  the  Slaveholding  States,  who 
were  overrun  with  slaves,  that  returned  no  ad^equate  remu- 
neration. At  this  period  their  numbers  reached  some 
600,000,  a  part  of  whom  were  employed  in  raising  tobacco 
and  rice.  The  majority  of  them,  however,  were  occupied  in 
domestic  farm-labor,  producing  no  exportable  values.  Hence 
there  was  no  profit  in  slavery  at  the  South,  while  at  the  North 
it  was  even  a  greater  burden.  Massachusetts  found  it  so  un- 
productive that,  in  1780,  she  abolished  it  in  her  own  borders, 
but  she  did  not  cease  for  that  reason  to  force  it,  by  her  im- 
portations, on  the  South. 

In  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation,  the  views  of  the 
North  and  South  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  founded  on  in- 
terests so  antagonistic,  frequently  came  into  collision.  It 
was  at  this  epoch,  too,  that  Virginia,  Georgia,  and  other 
Southern  States,  ceded  to  the  Federal  Government,  for  the 
common  benefit  of  all  the  States,  their  immense  Western 
Territories.  All  the  States  were  then  Slaveholding,  and  the 
idea  that  a  man  could  not  hold  his  slaves  in  any  part  of  the 
territory  of  the  United  States,  had  never  yet  been  broached. 


138  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

On  the  contrary,  the  right  to  carry  them  everywhere  was  un- 
doubted. The  policy  of  Virginia,  however,  was  manumis- 
sion ;  and  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  1784,  prepared  in  the  Congress 
of  the  Confederation  a  clause  preventing  slaves  being  carried 
into  the  said  territories  ceded  to  the  United  States,  north  of 
the  Ohio  River.  This  was  a  part  of  the  Southern  scheme  of 
manumission,  which  was  meant  as  a  check  to  the  tradins:  in 
Negro  slaves,  carried  on  by  Massachusetts  with  unabated  ac- 
tivity. This  clause  did  not  pass  at  the  time,  but,  in  1787,  it 
was  renewed  by  Nathan  Dane,  in  the  Federal  Convention. 
The  clause  enjoining  the  restitution  of  fugitive  slaves  was 
then  added,  and  it  passed  unanimously.  By  a  unanimous  vote 
it  became  a  vital  part  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  and  without 
it  this  compact  could  never  have  gone  into  effect.  The  Slave 
Trade  carried  on  by  the  North  became,  also,  the  theme  of 
much  sharp  discussion  in  the  Convention.  The  North  was 
not  disposed,  of  course,  to  give  it  up,  but  with  the  South  it 
had  become  an  intolerable  grievance.  They  had  long  and 
earnestly  protested  against  it  when  carried  on  by  the  mother 
country,  but  their  minds  were  now  made  up  to  break  with 
the  North  rather  than  submit  further  to  this  traffic.  The 
North  then  demanded  compensation  for  the  loss  of  this  very 
thriving  trade,  and  the  South  readily  conceded  it  by  granting 
them  the  monopoly  of  the  coasting  and  carrying  trade 
against  all  foreign  tonnage.  In  this  way  it  was  settled  that 
the  Slave  Trade  should  be  abolished  after  1808.*     Without 

*  In  corroboration  of  the  above,  I  append  the  following  extract 
from  the  sermon  of  Rev.  Dr.  N.  Adams,  of  the  Essex  Street  Church, 
Boston,  delivered  on  Fast  Day,  January  4,  1861 : 

"We  at  the  North  are  certainly  responsible  before  God  for  the 
existence  of  slavery  in  our  land.  The  Committee  of  the  Convention 
which  framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  consisted  of 
Messrs.  Rutledge,   of  South  Carolina,   Randolph,   of  Virginia,  and 


AND    REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  139 

this  important  clause,  the  South  would  never  have  consented 
to  enter  into  a  Confederacy  with  the  North.  The  Federal 
Constitution,  with  these  essential  clauses,  having  passed  into 
operation,  it  became,  henceforth,  a  certainty  that  the  Slave 
Trade  would  finally  expire  in  the  United  States  at  the  close  of 
1808.  This  left  it  still  a  duration  of  nineteen  years,  and  the 
North  seemed  determined  to  reap  the  utmost  possible  advantai^e 
from  the  time  remaining.  The  Duke  de  Rochefoucault- 
Liancourt,  in  his  work  on  the  United  States,  1795,  states, 
that  ^'  twenty  vessels  from  the  harbors  of  the  North  are  en- 
gaged in  the  importation  of  slaves  into  Georgia;  they  ship 
one  Negro  for  every  ton  burden."  Thus  we  see,  that  while 
New  England  was  vigorously  engaged  in  buying  and  selHng 
Negro  slaves,  Virginia,  on  the  other  hand,  was  steadfastly 
pursuing  her  theory  of  manumission. 

In  1793,  Congress,  on  the  recommendation  of  President 
Washington,  passed  an  act  to  put  in  force  the  clause  of  the 
Constitution  enjoining  the  restoration  of  fugitive  slaves.  It 
seems  evident  they  were  regarded  by  the  Constitution  in  the 
light  of  property  only.     It  likewise  provided  for  taxing  them, 

three  from  Free  States,  viz. :  Messrs.  Wilson  of  Pennsylvania,  Gor- 
ham,  of  Massachusetts,  and  Ellsworth,  of  Connecticut.  They  re- 
ported as  a  section  for  the  Constitution,  that  no  tax  or  other  duty 
should  be  laid  on  the  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as 
the  several  States  should  think  proper  to  admit ;  not  that  such  mi- 
gration or  importation  should  be  prohibited.  This  was  referred  by 
the  Convention  to  a  committee,  a  majority  of  whom  being  from  the 
Slave  States,  they  reported  that  the  Slave  Trade  be  abolished  after 
1800,  and  that  a  tax  be  levied  on  imported  slaves.  But  in  the  Con- 
vention, the  Free  States  of  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Connecticut,  voted  to  extend  the  trade  eight  years,  and  it  was  accord- 
ingly done ;  by  means  of  which  it  is  estimated  there  are  now  at  least 
three  hundred  thousand  more  slaves  in  the  country  than  there  would 
otherwise  have  been." 


140  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

and  ordained  that  three-fifths  of  their  number  should  be  a 
basis  of  representation.  This  was,  certainly,  the  view  taken 
by  the  framers  of  the  Constitution,  in  their  intercourse  with 
foreign  nations.  John  Adams,  afterwards  President,  and 
Doctor  Franklin  signed,  in  1783,  the  Treaty  of  Peace  with 
Great  Britain,  which  contained  provision  for  payment  of 
^'  Slaves  and  other  Property"  carried  away  during  the  War. 
These  Treaties  were  examined  and  approved  by  the  Govern- 
ment, composed  also  of  the  very  men  who  had  taken  the 
leading  part  in  drafting  the  Constitution.  In  the  Treaty  of 
Peace  at  Ghent,  in  1815,  the  same  clause  recurred,  and  the 
British  Government  paid  a  million  and  a  half  of  dollars  for 
Slaves  that  had  been  carried  olF  by  the  enemy.  The  ac- 
counts of  Hon.  Richard  Kush,  when  Secretary  of  the  Trea- 
sury, contain  the  various  sums  paid  by  the  United  States 
Government  to  the  '^  Owners  of  Slaves  and  other  Property." 
Our  Government  has  also  made  frequent  demands  for  the 
payment  of  Slave-property  since  the  Peace.  Some  twenty 
years  since,  the  American  Minister,  Mr.  Andrew  Stevenson, 
conducted  a  negotiation  with  England  for  the  payment  of 
sundry  slaves  that  had  been  cast  ashore  from  wrecked  Amer- 
ican vessels,  and  set  free  by  the  authorities  of  Bermuda. 
The  demand  was  finally  acknowledged,  and  the  sum  of 
£23,500  was  paid  as  an  indemnity.  In  a  word,  the  action  of 
the  Federal  Government  has  been  uniform  and  consistent 
in  asserting  and  protecting  the  rights  of  our  Slave-owners 
against  all  Foreign  Powers.  The  right  to  this  property  has 
been  just  as  positively  recognized  in  our  domestic  relations. 
In  all  the  State  Conventions  held  to  discuss  the  Federal 
Constitution  prior  to  adopting  it,  the  right  of  property  in 
slaves  was  never  contested.  The  law  at  that  time  for  recov- 
ering that  property  was  of  a  summary  nature.  The  owner 
might  seize  his  property  wherever  he  found  it,  arid  on  making 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF    USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  141 

an  affidavit  before  a  Federal  Judge,  a  warrant  was  issued  for 
the  removal  of  it.  There  was  no  provision  for  trial  by  jury, 
or  for  writ  of  Habeas  Corjms,  which  would  be  indispensable 
if  Black  Slaves  were  considered  as  persons. 

In  1797,  John  Adams,  who  signed  the  Treaty  of  Peace, 
and  was  the  leader  of  the  New  England  or  Federal  Party, 
succeeded  Washington  in  the  Presidential  chair.  At  this 
period,  the  Slavery  question  was  frequently  agitated  by  the'' 
Democratic  Party  of  the  South,  with  a  view  to  its  modifica- 
tion. In  1800,  January  2,  Mr.  Wain,  of  Philadelphia,  pre- 
sented a  petition  to  Congress,  from  the  free  Blacks  of  Phila- 
delphia, praying  for  a  revision  of  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law. 
On  this  occasion,  Mr.  Harrison  Gray  Otis,  a  leader  of  the 
Federal  party,  thus  expressed  himself:  ''Although  he  pos- 
sessed no  slaves  himself,"  he  said,  ^^yet  he  saw  no  reason 
why  others  might  not  ]  and  that  their  owners,  and  not  Con- 
gress, were  the  fittest  persons  to  regulate  that  species  of 
propcrti/."  Mr.  Brown,  of  Rhode  Island,  on  the  same  occa- 
sion, declared  "  that  the  petition  was  not  from  Negroes,  but 
was  the  contrivance  of  a  combination  of  Jacobins,  (meaning 
the  Democratic  party),  who  had  troubled  Congress  for  many 
years,  and  he  feared  would  never  cease  to  do  so.  He  there- 
fore moved  that  the  petition  be  taken  away  by  those  who  had 
brought  it  there."  The  motion  being  supported  by  Messrs. 
Gallatin,  Dana,  and  other  Northern  members,  the  petition 
was  withdrawn.  In  this  debate,  the  Northern  members  who 
represented  the  Slave-trading  interests,  naturally  adhered  to 
the  Property  in  Blacks,  although  the  new  doctrine  of  the 
British  Abolitionists  began  to  make  converts  in  this  coun- 
try, outside  of  the  body  of  Quakers,  who  had  always  opposed 
slavery. 

It  may  be  as  well   to  remark  here,  that  it  does  not  appear 
any  laws  were  ever  enacted  in  Great  Britain  authorizing  the 


142  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

trading  in,  or  possession  of,  Black  Slaves  as  property.  Nev- 
ertheless, that  they  were  so  regarded,  is  evident  from  the 
opinion  of  the  Eleven  Crown  Judges,  given  in  pursuance  of 
an  Order  in  Council,  and  in  consequence  of  which  the  Navi- 
gation Act  was  extended  to  the  Slave  Trade,  to  the  exclusion 
of  Aliens.  The  laws  by  which  England  allowed  the  holding 
of  slaves,  extended,  of  course,  to  the  Colonies;  and  all  those 
bf  North  America  held  slaves,  without  any  special  enact- 
ments for  that  purpose.  The  right  was  inherent,  like  that 
to  any  property;  and  when  the  separation  of  the  Colonies 
from  the  mother  country  took  place,  that  legal  right,  like  the 
Common  Law  of  England,  survived  the  Kevolution,  and  re- 
mained in.  force  in  all  parts  of  the  country. 

It  is  claimed  by  the  Anti-slavery  party  that  slavery  exists 
by  local  law  only,  and  cannot  exist  out  of  the  State  sanc- 
tioning it.  Whereas,  it  is  maintained  by  their  opponents 
that  it  originally  existed  all  over  the  land,  whether  as  Colo- 
nies or  States,  and  that  it  required  a  special  law  to  exclude 
it.  This  fact  is  beyond  cavil.*  It  should  be  also  recol- 
lected that  the  Spanish  and  French  Colonies,  that  after- 
wards became  a  part  of  the  United  States,  derived  the  right 
to  hold  slaves  from  the  head  of  the  Church,  as  well  as  from 
the  State. 

To  return  to  the  record  of  events.  During  Mr.  Jeffer- 
son's first  term  of  office,  the  State  of  Virginia  proposed  to 
the  Federal  Government  that  the  proceeds  of  the  public 
lands  that  had  been  ceded  to  it  should  be  appropriated  to 
the  manumission  and  removal  of  slaves,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  respective  States.     This  movement  was  not  successful. 

*  Among  other  authorities  on  this  question  of  the  clay,  may  be 
cited  that  of  Chief  Justice  Parker,  of  Massachusetts,  the  leading  Abo- 
lition State.  In  2  Pickering,  he  says:  "We  thus,  in  making  the 
Constitution,  entered  into  an  agreement  that  slaves  should  be  con- 
sidered as  property,"  etc. 


AND   REPOSITORY  OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  143 

It  is  necessary  to  notice  two  very  important  events  that 
occurred  during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Jefferson,  which 
wholly  changed  the  destiny  of  Black  Slavery  in  the  United 
States.  The  first  was  the  invention  of  the  cotton-crin  * 
which  gave  great  additional  value  to  this  staj^le,  and  hence 
opened  a  broader  field  to  the  employment  of  the  Blacks. 
The  next  was  the  purchase  of  Louisiana,  which  added  new 
and  valuable  territory  to  the  South  and  its  special  products. 
These  two  events  revolutionized  completely  the  value  of 
Slave  labor  at  the  South,  and  the  Blacks,  instead  of  contin- 
uing a  burden,  as  hitherto,  became  henceforward  a  source  of 
profit. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  approaching  termination  of  the 
Slave  Trade,  which  had  profitably  employed  for  so  many 
years  the  commercial  interests  of  New  England,  rendered 
that  section  not  only  indifferent  to  the  prolongation  of 
slavery,  but  even  out  of  chagrin  from  having  been  forced  by 
the  opposition  of  the  South  to  give  it  up,  they  began  to 
nourish  a  species  of  spite  against  it,  and  which  has  since 
manifested  itself  with  uninterrupted  bitterness. 

The  cessation  of  the  Slave  Trade,  and  the  purchase  of 
Louisiana,  both  of  which  were  so  distasteful  to  the  North, 
were  followed,  as  already  stated  by  the  Embargo  Act,  in  Mr. 
Jefferson's  administration ;  and  all  this  together,  gave  nearly 
a  quietus  to  the  commercial  interests  of  New  England.  The 
exasperation  which  followed  these  measures,  that  seemed  to 
threaten  ruin  to  this  section,  led  shortly  to  a  desire  to  break  up 
the  Confederacy.  In  February,  1809,  the  Governor-General 
of  Canada,  Craig,  deputed  his  agent,  John  Henry,  to  go  to 
Boston  and  treat  with  the  leading  Federalists  there;  and  by  the 


•5^  This  admirable  machine  for  separating  the  seed  from  the  cotton, 
■with  extreme  celerity,  was  the  invention  of  Eli  Whitney. 


144  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

arrangement  tlien  made,  Massachusetts  was  to  declare  itself 
independent,  and  inviie  a  Congress  to  erect  a  separate  Gov- 
ernment. Mr.  John  Q.  Adams,  Ex-President,  in  a  letter  to 
Mr.  Otis,  1828,  states  that  the  plan  had  been  so  far  ma- 
tured, that  proposals  had  been  made  to  a  certain  individual 
to  put  himself  at  the  head  of  the  military  organization. 
These  schemes  went  on  until  they  resulted  in  the  Hartford 
Convention,  1814,  where  the  subject  of  a  Northern  Confed- 
eracy, in  all  its  bearings,  underwent  discussion.  The  senti- 
ment of  the  North  at  that  time  may  be  seen  in  the  party  cry  : 
^'  The  Potomac  for  a  boundary — The  Negro  States  to  them- 
selves.'^ This  was  the  favorite  phrase  of  the  day  all  over 
the  Eastern  States.  The  peace  with  Great  Britain  soon 
afterwards  occurred,  and  the  stimulus  this  gave  to  business  of 
all  kinds,  together  with  the  conciliatory  conduct,  as  stated  of 
Mr.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  diverted  New  England  from 
her  resolute  menace  to  break  up  the  Union. 

While  this  irritation  was  still  linc-erinfj;  in  the  Northern 
mind,  a  bill  was  introduced  into  Congress,  1818,  to  authorize 
the  people  of  Missouri  to  form  a  Constitution,  preparatory 
to  admission  into  the  Union.  This  territory  was  a  portion 
of  that  same  Louisiana  whose  purchase  had  been  so  vehe- 
mently resisted  by  New  England.  During  its  ownership  by 
Spain,  and  afterwards  by  France,  slavery  had  existed  in  the 
whole  of  this  territory,  and  it  remained  undisturbed  after  its 
purchase  by  the  United  States ;  nevertheless  its  admission 
into  the  Union  as  a  Slave  State,  was  violently  opposed  by  the 
Eastern  States.  An  ardent  political  struggle  ensued,  that 
threatened  the  safety  of  the  Confederacy,  but  which  was, 
finally,  allayed  by  admitting  Missouri  as  a  Slave  State,  but 
on  the  condition  that  no  more  Slave  States  should  exist  north 
of  the  36°  30'  parallel  of  latitude.  This  is  the  well-known 
Missouri  Compromise.     It  was  at  this  time,  also,  that  the 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  145 

Slave  Trade  was  declared^  to  be  Piracy,%nd  punishable  with 
death. 

Meanwhile,  slavery  had  become  so  manifestly  unprofitable 
at  the  North,  that  most  of  these  States  abolished  it.  New 
York  did  so  in  1826,  and  many  other  States,  even  Delaware, 
Maryland,  and  Virginia,  were  moving  in  the  same  direction. 
New  Jersey,  Ohio,  and  Delaware,  passed  resolutions  desiring 
Congress  to  appropriate  the  proceeds  of  the  Public  Lands  to 
the  manumission  of  slaves,  with  the  consent  of  the  Slave 
States.  In  1825,  Rufus  King,  of  New  York,  made  the  same 
proposition  in  Congress,  where  it  had  been  originally  intro- 
duced by  Virginia.  At  this  period,  in  the  Southern  States 
the  utmost  favor  was  extended  to  Emancipation.  Societies 
for  this  purpose  were  formed  to  cooperate  with  the  Coloniza- 
tion Society,  then  in  full  vigor,  and  whose  object  was  to  free 
Blacks  and  transport  them  to  Liberia.  In  March,  1825, 
Virginia  passed  an  act  to  furnish  the  Colonists  in  Liberia, 
under  the  direction  of  the  ^'Richmond  and  Manchester 
(England)  Colonization  Society,''  with  implements  of  hus- 
bandry, clothing,  etc.  The  emancipation  of  Blacks  to  be 
sent  to  Liberia,  were  frequent  all  over  the  Southern  States, 
and  on  a  liberal  scale.  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  Missouri, 
passed  laws  prohibiting  slaves  to  be  brought  within  their 
borders  for  sale,  and  further  enacting  that  those  brought  in 
by  settlers  should  not  be  sold  under  two  years. 

The  sentiment  of  Emancipation  was  making  steady  pro- 
gress ;  but,  at  the  same  time,  a  decided  repugnance  to  free 
Blacks  began  to  manifest  itself.  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  other 
Northwestern  States,  forbade  by  law  free] Blacks  coming  into 
the  State,  under  any  pretence;  and  a  white  person  who 
brought  one  in,  was  required  to  give  bonds  in  $500.  They 
were  not  regarded  as  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  from 
their  idle  habits,  were  considered  as  a  nuisance  everywhere. 
6 


14()  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

The  Southern  States  also  enacted  that  free  Blacks  arrivins; 
there  as  seamen,  should  be  under  surveillance  while  in  port. 
In  consequence  of  this  general  antipathy  to  free  Blacks,  and 
in  view  of  the  difficulty  of  deporting  them,  Mr.  Tucker,  of 
Virginia,  proposed  in  Congress,  1825,  to  set  off  the  territory 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  as  a  Colony  for  free  Blacks. 
This  effort  failed ;  but  all  the  leading  statesmen  of  the  South, 
Mr,  Mangum,  Mr.  McDuffie,  etc.,  urged  the  adoption  of  some 
scheme  of  emancipation. 

About  this  time,  a  new  movement  was  initiated  in  New 
England.  The  doctrine  of  Abolition  was  then  at  the  zenith 
of  its  popularity  in  England,  where  it  was  already  proposed 
to  transplant  it  to  our  Southern  States,  which  would  then  be 
converted  into  a  great  free  Black  cotton-growing  country. 
This  utterly  impracticable  idea  was  seized  upon  by  various 
individuals  of  the  New  England  States,  who  forthwith  began 
to  sow  the  seeds  of  agitation.  It  is  impossible  to  attribute 
to  them  any  very  philanthropic  motive;  for  only  twenty  years 
had  elapsed  since  Massachusetts  had  been  forced  to  give  up 
her  slave-trading,  and  it  is  not  at  all  credible  that  the  tastes 
thus  acquired  should,  in  so  short  a  time,  have  been  sup- 
planted by  so  ardent  a  love  for  the  Negro  of  the  South  as  to 
desire  his  manumission  at  the  risk  of  breaking  up  the  Con- 
federacy. No ;  it  really  looked  more  like  the  renewed  ex- 
pression of  that  old  grudge  which  the  Eastern  States  have 
for  so  many  years  nourished  against  the  South. 

In  1828,  a  Mr.  Arthur  Tappan  subscribed,  with  the  aid  of 
friends  in  Boston,  sufficient  funds  to  establish  a  newspaper  in 
New  York,  called  the  "Journal  of  Commerce,"  whose  object 
was  to  promote  the  borrowed  English  theory  of  Abolition. 
Its  editor  was  a  certain  David  Hale,  an  auctioneer  of  Boston, 
and  a  teacher  in  the  Presbyterian  Sunday-school  there.  At 
the  same  juncture,  the  Baltimore  "Genius  of  Emancipation'' 
fell  into  the  hands  of  another  Abolitionist,  named  W.  Lloyd 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  147 

Gi-arrison.  This  individual  was  the  grandson  of  what  was 
known  as  a  ''Tory"  during  our  Revolutionary  War,  and  who, 
at  the  Peace,  was  compelled  to  fly  the  country  to  Nova  Scotia, 
whence  his  widowed  daughter  and  her  only  son  returned, 
some  years  after,  to  Boston,  to  seek  a  livelihood.  The  young 
Garrison  readily  caught  up  the  doctrine  of  Abolition,  as 
most  congenial  to  his  English  antecedents  and  education,  and 
set  to  work  with  baleful  energy  to  urge  its  propagation, 
fraught  with  so  many  dangers  to  the  country  of  his  adoption. 
On  assuming  the  editorship  of  the  Baltimore  paper,  he 
iustantl}''  assailed  both  Colonization  and  Emancipation  as 
only  obstructions  to  Abolition,  and  openly  avowed  that  the 
Union  of  the  States  was  equally  an  obstacle  to  Abolition. 
By  some  it  was  supposed  that  tliis  treasonable  denunciation 
of  the  Union  was  out  of  deference  to  the  memory  of  his 
Tory  grandfather,  who  had  done  all  lie  could  to  prevent  it. 

It  may  easily  be  imagined  that  the  startling  proclamation 
of  such  ultra  views  as  these,  led  rapidly  to  a  complete  revo- 
lution of  feeling  at  the  South.  The  excitement  against 
Garrison  spread  far  and  wide.  The  Manumission  Society  of 
North  Carolina  demanded  his  imprisonment,  and  the  State 
of  Georgia  set  a  price  upon  his  head.  The  emancipation 
societies  at  the  South  began  to  suspend  their  operations  and 
to  break  up.  The  Baltimore  journal  mentioned,  it  was 
necessary  to  suppress.  The  people  of  the  South  generally, 
becoming  more  and  more  alarmed  at  the  aggressive  attitude 
of  the  Abolitionists,  began  to  ponder  over  some  means  of 
defence. 

In  the  year  1830,  the  same  Garrison  founded  anew  journal 
in  Boston,  called  "The  Liberator,"  whence  he  propounded  his 
extreme  views  in  the  most  extravagant  language.  In  the  fol- 
lowing year,  the  ''New  England  Anti-slavery  Society"  was 
formed.  This  was  followed  in  due  course  by  the  "iVmerican 
Anti-slavery  Society,"  under  the  leadership  of  Messrs.  Garri- 


148  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

son,  Tappan,  and  Biruey.  The  Sunday-schools  of  the  Eastern 
States  became  active  coadjutors  in  the  same  cause.  These 
societies  adopted  precisely  the  same  tactics  as  their  British 
prototypes.  They  circulated  tracts  and  books,  full  of  inflam- 
matory appeals.  Highly-colored  engravings  too,  representing 
the  Black  undergoing  every  kind  of  torture,  were  distributed 
for  those  who  could  not  read.  These  were  meant  more  espe- 
cially to  excite  the  Blacks  at  the  South,  and  were  sent 
through  the  mails.  These  proceedings  were  considered,  at 
the  time,  so  dangerous  to  the  peace  of  the  community  and  to 
the  integrity  of  the  Union,  that  popular  indignation  fre- 
quently broke  out  into  riot.  In  New  York,  in  1832,  the 
dwelling  of  Arthur  Tappan  and  the  church  of  Dr.  Cox  were 
both  demolished  by  a  mob.  Many  influential  citizens  sanc- 
tioned these  violent  demonstrations  of  public  feeling,  and  the 
well-known  Editor  of  the  '^  Courier  and  Enquirer,"  Mr. 
James  Watson  Webb,  boasted  of  his  share  in  this  vindication 
of  Southern  rights.* 

The  Abolitionists  of  Boston,  meanwhile,  continued  their 
operations  with  all  the  ardor  of  their  puritanical  descent. 
Garrison  was  sent  to  England,  to  obtain  funds,  by  the  Anti- 
slavery  Societies ;  and  in  1834  he  returned  home  with  Mr. 
George  Thompson,  a  Member  of  Parliament  at  that  time, 
and  an  Abolition  lecturer.  This  led  to  so  violent  an  outcry, 
that  Thompson,  alarmed  for  his  safety,  went  back  to  Eng- 
land. A  new  mode  of  excitement  was  then  devised  by  the 
Abolitionists,  who  got  up  a  clamor  against  South  Carolina 
for  detaining  free  Blacks  who  came  into  her  ports.  Massa- 
chusetts claimed  that  free  Blacks  were  her  citizens,  and  that 
as  such  they  had  a  right  to  go  to  South  Carolina ;  but  as  she 
made  no  complaint  against  Ohio,  Illinois,  and  other  States 
who  also  excluded  free  Blacks,  it  was  evident  that  she  sought 

*  This  gentleman  has  since  changed  his  ground,  and  is  now  a  pro- 
minent leader  of  the  Anti-slavery  party. 


AND   REPOSITORY   OP   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  149 

a  quarrel    with   South   Carolina,   for    the    very  purpose    of 
spreading  the  Abolition  infection. 

A  Mr.  Hoar  was  scut  by  Massachusetts  as  an  agent  to 
Charleston  to  make  a  formal  complaint  of  her  alleged  griev- 
ance, and,  as  was  anticipated,  Mr.  Hoar  was  summarily  dis- 
missed. Upon  this  the  Abolitionists  professed  great  indig- 
nation, and  the  Legislature  was  appealed  to  for  a  measure  of 
retaliation,  which  was  soon  got  up  under  the  title  of  a  "Per- 
sonal Liberty  Bill,"  which  was  designed,  under  a  transparent 
plea,  to  obstruct  the  restoration  of  fugitive  Blacks. 

Up  to  this  time.  Abolition  had  been  discussed  merely  as  a 
moral  question,  but  the  agitatio]i  had  gained  such  strength 
among  its  unsuspecting  converts,  that  it  was  thought  high 
time  by  its  designing  leaders  to  carry  it  into  the  political 
arena,  where  they  anticipated  making  it  a  stepping-stone  to 
power  and  emolument. 

It  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel  that  these  ingenious  schemers 
were  doomed  to  disappointment,  and  that  the  spoUa  oj^twia 
of  the  agitation  they  began  were  destined  to  be  gathered  by 
the  hand  of  the  professional  politician,  leaving  but  "a  barren 
sceptre  in  their  gripe." 

In  1838,  the  Abolition  party  was  too  weak  and  too  ignor- 
ant of  political  strategy  to  dare  to  take  the  field  in  person  ; 
therefore,  they  began  coquetting  with  the  prominent  politi- 
cians of  the  day.  Mr.  Marcy  and  Mr.  Seward  were,  at  that 
time,  the  candidates  of  the  two  rival  parties  for  Governor  of 
the  State  of  New  York,  and  perhaps  the  two  most  influential 
men  of  the  North.  The  occasion  was  thought  opportune  by 
Messrs.  Smith  and  Jay,  the  New  York  sponsors  for  the  un- 
toward bantling  of  Abolition,  to  put  these  gentlemen  to  the 
test.  It  happened  that  there  existed  a  statute  in  New  York, 
called  the  "Sojournment  Law,"  which  allowed  a  slaveholder 
to  bring  his  Black  servants  with  him,  and  remain  there  nine 
months,  without  prejudice  to  his  rights;  for  it  had  been  de- 


150  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

cided  in  tlie  Federal  Courts  that  a  slave  taken  voluntarily 
into  a  Free  State,  could  not  be  recovered.  When  Mr. 
Seward  was  interrogated  in  relation  to  this  law,  he  sustained 
it  as  '^a  becoming  act  of  hospitality  to  Southern  visitors.'' 
Mr.  Marcy  made  no  reply.  Mr.  Seward,  however,  changed 
his  views  afterwards  on  this  subject,  and  refused,  in  1840, 
while  Grovernor,  to  restore  a  fugitive  slave,  on  the  requisition 
of  Virginia. 

The  evil  results  of  this  sectional  issue  were  foreseen  by 
many  States;  and  among  others  Ohio,  in  1840,  passed  reso- 
lutions in  her  Legislsture  to  the  effect  that  '■'■  Slavery  was  an 
institution  recognized  by  the  Constitution,"  and  that  "the 
unlawful,  unwise,  and  unconstitutional  interference  of  the 
fanatical  Abolitionists  of  the  North  with  the  institutions  of 
the  South,  were  highly  criminal."  The  violent  proceedings 
of  the  Northern  Abolitionists  did  not  escape  the  attention  of 
the  South,  where  they  created  not  only  alarm,  but  aroused  a 
deep  and  natural  feeling  of  indignation.  The  change  of  sen- 
timent that  had  occurred  may  be  seen  in  an  act  of  the  State 
of  Alabama,  to  the  effect  that  "all  free  Blacks  remaining  in 
the  State  after  August  1,  1840,  should  be  enslaved." 

At  the  very  close  of  1839,  a  handful  of  Abolitionists  met 
in  Warsaw,  N.  Y.,  and  decided  formally  to  transform  their 
doctrine  from  a  moral  into  a  political  question ;  and  they  set 
to  work  at  once,  on  a  political  organization.  Determined  to 
eschew  any  affiliation  with  the  parties  of  the  day,  they 
selected  one  of  their  own  band,  Mr.  Birney,  as  a  candidate 
for  the  Presidency  of  the  United  States.  It  was  now  evident 
to  all  dispassionate  observers,  that  the  motives  of  the  founders 
of  Abolition  were  not  so  much  the  emancipation  of  the  Blacks, 
as  their  own  elevation  to  place  and  power.  It  is  clear  enough 
the  North  regarded  them  with  just  suspicion  at  that  day, 
for  in  the  Federal  election  of  1840,  Birney  received  but  7000 
votes 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  151 

The  agitation  of  the  Slavery  question  received  a  new 
stimulus  at  this  period,  from  the  discussions  awakened  by  the 
revolt  of  Texas.  This  fine  country  had  once  formed  part  of 
Louisiana,  but  was  ceded  by  France  to  Spain,  and  then 
became  a  part  of  Mexico.  In  183G,  an  insurrection,  headed 
by  Americans,  broke  out,  and  was  soon  followed  by  the  inde- 
pendence of  Texas.  Speculations  now  ran  high  in  the  price 
of  her  lands,  and  the  project  was  broached  of  reannexing  her 
to  the  United  States.  The  celebrated  Daniel  Webster,  among 
others,  favored  this  scheme  ',  but  he  was  afterwards  induced 
to  change  his  views  and  oppose  it.  Just  as  in  the  case  of 
Louisiana,  in  1805,  the  New  England  States  resisted  the 
Annexation  of  Texas,  during  the  Presidency  of  Mr.  Tyler, 
on  the  same  pretext  of  extending  slavery,  but  on  the  real 
ground  of  jealousy  of  the  South.  The  leading  politicians  of 
the  day  were  sorely  embarrassed  whether  to  support  Annexa- 
tion or  not ;  and  by  opposing  it,  Mr.  Clay  lost  his  election  in 
1844;  and  for  the  same  reason,  Mr.  Van  Buren  failed 
to  obtain  his  renomination  by  the  Democratic  party.  The 
difficulty  was  terminated  by  the  admission  of  Texas,  March 
3,  1845,  but  on  the  agreement  that  four  States  should  be 
formed  out  of  the  territory,  besides  the  one  existing,  and 
that  the  States  so  formed  south  of  the  line  36°  30'  should  be 
admitted  with  or  without  slavery,  as  their  inhabitants  should 
decide,  but  that  slavery  should  not  exist  north  of  that  line.* 

A  temporary  lull  followed ;  but  the  Slavery  question  was 
soon  again  evoked,  to  gratify  a  political  grudge.  The  rejec- 
tion'of  Mr.  Van  Buren  as  the  Democratic  candidate  in  1844, 
by  Southern  influence,  in  consequence  of  his  opposition  to 
Texas,  led  him,  from  motives  of  irritation,  to  raise  up  a  new 

■^  The  attempt,  in  184G,  to  foist  upon  the  country,  to  the  injury  of 
the  South,  the  infamous  "  Wilmot  Proviso" — a  Bill  to  prevent  the 
right  of  Southerners  to  carry  tlieir  slave  property  into  the  Territory 
acquired  from  Mexico.  The  Bill  passed  the  House,  but  was  defeated 
in  the  Senate. 


152  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

party  in  New  York,  on  the  cry  of  "  Free  Soil,  or  no  more 
Slave  States.'^  This  act  was  a  violation  of  the  agreement 
made  with  the  South  on  the  admission  of  Texas,  and  was 
frowned  upon  by  the  Democratic  party  j  but  the  issue  started 
by  Mr.  Van  Buren  was  successful  enough  to  divide  the  party 
in  the  State  of  New  York,  and  to  give  the  election  to  the 
Northern  party.  This  incensed  and  alarmed  the  South,  who 
were  at  last  pacified  by  the  Compromise  measures  of  1850, 
which,  however,  were  stoutly  opposed  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Seward, 
who  had  become  already  the  chosen  and  wily  representative 
of  the  Anti-slavery  sentiments  of  the  North. 

I  may  as  well  observe  here,  what  I  have  already  stated 
elsewhere,  that  the  politicians  of  the  North  found  themselves 
in  the  sad  predicament  of  having  no  political  principles  to 
advocate.  The  settlement  of  the  Tariif  question  in  '46,  on 
the  demand  of  the  commercial  ioterests  of  the  North,  left 
them  wholly  destitute  of  any  policy  by  which  they  might 
hope  to  ride  into  power.  Under  these  circumstances,  it  was 
natural  they  should  follow  with  a  wistful  eye  the  labors  of 
the  Abolitionists,  who  had  certainly  succeeded  in  working  up 
the  feelings  of  the  North  to  a  lively  pitch  of  excitement  on 
Southern  Slavery.  They  were  not,  of  course,  disposed  to 
borrow  the  extreme  views  of  these  zealots,  which  were  wholly 
incompatible  with  the  existence  of  the  Union ;  but  they 
thought  they  might  venture  to  utilize  to  their  advantage  the 
Anti-slaveryrsentiments  that  had  been  so  skilfully  aroused. 
They  set  about  this  very  adroitly  by  raising  a  cry  against 
extending  slave  territory,  which,  it  was  supposed,  would 
please  the  susceptibilities  of  the  North,  and  not  too  much 
exasperate  the  South.  Thus  we  find  that  eminent  politician, 
Mr.  Seward,  already  at  work  in  1850,  sowing  the  seeds  of 
the  new  Anti-slavery  party  of  the  North,  by  opposing  the 
healing  policy  of  Mr.  Clay,  on  the  ground  of  its  fostering 
lavery  and  increasing  its  area. 


AND   REPOSITORY    OP    USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  153 

One  of  the  prominent  measures  of  the  Compromise  of  1850, 
was  the  new  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  which  Daniel  AVebster 
declared  to  be  far  more  favorable  to  the  Blacks  than  that 
recommended  by  AVashington,  in  1787.  Yet  it  was  seized 
upon  by  the  cunning  of  the  Anti-slavery  politicians  to  keep 
up  the  subsiding  agitation,  and  several  of  the  Legislatures  of 
the  Northern  States  were  induced  to  pass  ^'  Personal  Liberty 
Bills,"  in  imitation  of  the  example  set  by  Massachusetts. 

I  must  not  omit  to  remark  that  the  Abolitionists  still  kept 
on  the  even  tenor  of  their  way,  and  were  as  active  as  ever  in 
promulgating  their  impracticable  theory  by  secretly  circulat- 
ing tracts,  books  and  pictures,  harping  on  slavery  and  all  its 
fancied  horrors.  They  still  kept  possession  of  the  political 
field,  and  still  hoped  to  make  a  ladder  of  their  hobby  by 
which  to  ascend  to  power.  In  1852,  they  dropped  Mr. 
Birney,  and  selected  for  their  Presidential  candidate  Mr. 
Hale,  of  New  Hampshire.  He  received  157,000  votes, 
against  the  7000  thrown  for  Birney,  in  1840. 

Among  other  ingenious  modes  of  excitement,  a  discussion 
was  regularly  kept  alive  at  the  North  as  to  the  citizenship  of 
free  Blacks.  Several  States  bestowed  the  suffrage  upon 
them,  as  a  practical  proof  of  their  right  to  rank  as  citizens. 
This  controversy  was  rather  inflamed  than  otherwise,  by  a 
decision  of  the  Federal  Supreme  Court,  in  the  Bred  Scotfc 
case,  1853,  which  settled  that  no  Blacks  are  citizens  of  the 
United  States.  In  1854,  the  Slavery  question  reappeared  in 
Congress,  and  the  action  of  the  North  on  this  occasion  was 
pregnant  with  serious  consequences.  Two  new  territories  of 
the  West  were  pronounced  sufl&ciently  occupied  to  render 
legislation  necessary,  and  a  bill  to  create  a  territorial  govern- 
ment in  Kansas  and  Nebraska,  was  reported  by  Mr.  Douglas, 
of  Illinois.  His  bill  contained  a  clause  to  repeal  the  fiimous 
Missouri  line  of  36°  30',  running  south  of  the  territories  in 
question.  .  This  line  was  the  basis  of  compromise  in  1820, 


154  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

and  was  again  a  means  of  adjusting  the  dispute  that  arose  on 
the  admission  of  Texas,  in  1845.  The  constitutionality  of 
this  line  was,  however,  more  than  doubtful,  for  the  reason 
that  Congress  never  had  any  power  conferred  on  it  by  the 
Constitution  to  legislate  on  slavery  ]  nor  was  it  at  all  neces- 
sary, since  individual  States  could  retain  or  exclude  slavery, 
according  to  their  pleasure.  Besides,  the  line  in  question 
was  really  a  nullity,  because  slavery  was  so  unprofitable  to 
the  north  of  it  that  it  would  never  be  carried  there.  It  was 
only  to  the  south  of  this  line  that  the  cotton  culture  made 
slavery  a  profit  and  a  necessity.  Hence  the  South  made  no 
objection  to  its  repeal,  in  1854 ;  but  it  is  difficult  to  perceive 
what  motive  Mr.  Douglas  could  have  had  in  proposing  this 
repeal,  unless  it  was  merely  to  fan  the  glowing  embers  of  the 
Slavery  question. 

No  sooner  was  this  Missouri  line  revoked,  than  a  prompt 
and  significant  movement  was  made  in  the  New  Ensfland 
States.  Emigrant  Aid  Societies  were  formed,  as  already 
mentioned;  and  settlers  for  Kansas,  one  of  the  territories 
just  organized,  were  lustily  summoned  as  recruits  in  the  new 
crusade  against  slavery,  and  funds  in  the  way  of  bounty  were 
liberally  distributed.  This  unusual  means  to  stimulate  emi- 
gration was  designed  to  secure  Kansas  as  a  Free  State,  by 
obtaining  a  majority  for  the  Northern  people.  Such  an 
attempt,  made  with  demonstrations  of  vehement  hostility  to 
the  South,  was  sure  to  provoke  anger  and  resistance.  This, 
of  course,  was  calculated  upon  by  the  Anti-slavery  propa- 
ganda, and  they  were  not  disappointed.  The  Slave  State  of 
Missouri,  directly  adjoining  Kansas,  was  not  disposed  to  be 
forestalled,  and,  as  it  were,  forced  out  of  their  legal  share  to 
territory  in  such  close  proximity ;  so  they  did  their  best  to 
encourage  emigration  too,  but  the  slaveholders  were  naturally 
chary  to  carry  their  Blacks  with  them,  as  they  were  sure  to 
be  tempted  away.     As  a  matter  of  course,  it  was  impossible 


AND   REPOSITORY   CF   USEFUL    KNOAVLEDGE.  155 

for  the  people  of  the  two  opposite  sections,  in  their  intem- 
perate state  of  mind,  to  live  long  in  peace  together.  Colli- 
sions occurred,  and  occasional  loss  of  life  ensued.  The  Abo- 
litionists were  eagerly  waiting  for  some  such  news  as  this,  for 
it  was  rightly  anticipated  that  a  conflict,  sooner  or  later,  was 
inevitable. 

AVhen  the  looked-for  intelligence  at  last  arrived,  a  wild  and 
furious  shriek  for  ^^ bleeding  Kansas"  vibrated  in  a  thou- 
sand echoes  through  all  the  valleys  of  New  England.     The 
organs  of  the  Abolitionists  teemed  with  the  most  discordant 
appeals  to  the  passions  of  the  people,  and  nothing  but  im- 
precations of  the  most  startling  description  were  launched 
against  the  ^'Border  Ruffians,"  as  the  settlers  from  Missouri 
were  forthwith  christened.     Public  meetings  were  called  in 
the  Eastern  States,  and  the  pulpit  soon  became  a  rostrum  for 
clerical  agitators.     Subscriptions  were  rapidly  set  on  foot  to 
buy  arms  and  ammunition  for  the  sacred  defenders  of  anti- 
slavery  in  Kansas,  whose  brows  were  encircled  with  the  halo 
of  martyrdom.     Speculators  in  "  Sharpe's  rifles  "  joined  in 
the  well-sustained  chorus  of  the  Abolitionists,  and  a  consid- 
erable profit  was  the  result.     At  a  public  meeting  in  New 
Haven,  a  well-known  Abolitionist,  Rev.  II.  Ward  Beecher 
of  Brooklyn,  and  brother  of  the  authoress  of  ''  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin,"   aided   by   his   presence  and  language  to  swell  the 
clamor  fast  rising  in  the  North.     He  desired  his  name  to  be 
subscribed  for  "  twenty-five  Sharpe's  rifles,"  and  announced 
he  would  collect  the  money  to  pay  for  them,  in  his  church, 
the  following  Sabbath,  which  was  done. 

Such  ingenious  modes  as  these,  and  so  skilfully  handled, 
could  not  fail  to  excite  the  sympathies  and  stir  the  passions 
of  any  community.  Ever  since  1828,  the  Abolition  party 
had  been  laboriously  engaged  in  sapping  the  mind  of  the 
North  on  the  subject  of  Black  Slavery;  nor  must  it  be  for- 
gotten that  they  appealed  to  something  more  than  its  philan- 


156  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

tliropy,  when  they  raised  the  cry  of  '■'■  No  more  Slave  Terri- 
tory/^ which  simply  meant  that  all  that  vast  extent  of  country 
stretching  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
should  be  given  up  to  Northern  emigration.  It  was  natural, 
certainly,  that  so  palatable  a  doctrine  should  be  acceptable  at 
the  North;  but  just  as  natural  that  it  should  be  unwelcome 
at  the  South,  whose  equal  claims  were  so  unceremoniously 
ignored. 

The  harvest  so  industriously  tilled  by  the  Abolitionists, 
was  now  ripe ;  and  the  leaders  of  the  old  Whig,  or  Northern 
party,  experienced,  astute,  and  with  an  organization  extend- 
ing over  the  entire  North,  stepped  forward,  and  brushing 
from  their  path  the  noisy  fanatics  who  had  sown  the  seed, 
they  gathered  for  their  own  garners  the  luxuriant  crop  of 
anti-slavery  sentiment  now  sprouting  all  over  the  North. 
They  met  in  convention  in  Philadelphia,  June,  1856,  and 
unfurling  the  flag  of  the  '^  Republican  Party,"  made,  for  the 
first  time,  a  sectional  issue  the  basis  of  party  action.  They 
selected  for  their  Presidential  candidate  Mr.  John  C.  Fre- 
mont, known  in  the  country  as  an  officer  of  the  army,  but 
without  any  political  antecedents.  It  was  thought  judicious 
not  to  nominate  a  politician  too  closely  identified  with  the 
anti-slavery  movement,  lest  the  possible  consequences  might 
alarm  the  ^' sober  second  thought "  of  the  North.  Thus  ac- 
coutred, the  Republican  party  went  to  the  polls,  November, 
1856,  and  brought  off  a  vote  of  1,334,553.  They  were  de- 
feated by  the  Democratic  party,  which  was  now  the  only  link 
between  North  and  South ;  but  the  Republican  leaders  felt 
quite  sanguine  that,  with  the  tactics  their  experience  would 
suggest,  they  would  carry  off  the  Presidential  prize  in  1860. 
It  was  thus  that  the  moral  question  as  to  the  sin  of  slavery, 
borrowed  from  England  by  our  Abolitionists,  and  kept  alive 
by  their  address  till  the  North  was  thoroughly  infected  by  it, 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  157 

waSj  at  last,  converted  into  a  political  question  and  made  a 
party  issue. 

The  Kepublican  politicians  felt  a  dread,  lest  the  Northern 
masses,  who  had  conscientiously  imbibed  the  anti-slavery 
poison,  might  force  them  reluctantly  to  carry  their  unconsti- 
tutional theories  into  legislation.  It  is  certain  they  had  their 
misgivings,  but  there  was  no  alternative.  Without  a  princi- 
ple or  a  measure  to  brandish  against  their  political  opponents, 
there  was  nothing  but  to  abandon  the  hope  of  office,  or  to  do 
battle  with  the  dangerous  arm  they  had  taken  from  the  hands 
of  the  Abolitionists.  Ambition  outweighed  patriotism  ;  and 
during  the  four  years  just  elapsed,  the  country  has  been  dis- 
tracted with  the  din  of  the  anti-slavery  propaganda.  Orators, 
writers,  lecturers,  and  preachers,  have  all  joined  in  the  meUey 
and  their  united  efforts  were  directed  to  the  apotheosis  of  the 
negro,  and  the  excommunication  of  the  slaveholder.  Every 
church,  public  hall,  and  hustings  through  the  North,  has 
rung  with  anathemas  against  the  vilified  South ;  and  it  is 
not  strange,  therefore,  that  people  accustomed  to  this  un- 
broken strain  of  vituperation,  should  begin  to  believe,  at 
last,  that  slavery  was  quite  as  hideous  as  it  was  painted. 

In  October,  1859,  an  event  occurred  which  amazed  the 
whole  country.  We  allude  to  the  invasion  of  the  State  of 
Virginia,  by  John  Brown  and  his  retinue  of  men.  This  man 
Brown  had  fio;ured  in  ^'blcedins^  Kansas''  as  a  darincr  rintr- 
leader  of  the  anti-slavery  bands  that  had  contended  for  the 
mastery  there.  When  these  bloody  contests  subsided,  he 
was  reduced  to  inaction ;  and  he  chafed  at  the  loss  of  the 
stern  excitement  congenial  to  his  fierce  nature.  Whether  it 
was  fanaticism  or  ambition  that  inspired  him,  no  one  can 
say;  but  he  conceived  the  horrible  project  of  setting  on  foot 
a  servile  insurrection.  Followed  by  a  handful  of  desperate 
men,  he  suddenly  entered  the  State  of  Virginia,  seized. the 
arsenal  of  the  Federal  Government,  to  obtain  the  arms  he 


158  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

needed,  and  raised  the  cry  of  "  Freedom  to  Slaves."  To  his 
astonishment,  no  doubt,  the  affrighted  bhicks  ran  to  their 
masters  for  protection,  and  some  were  shot  in  seeking  to  es- 
cape. This  nefarious  attempt  was  quelled  bv  the  arrest  of 
Brown  and  his  confederates,  and  their  subsequent  trial  and 
execution. 

One  thing  -vvas  proved  by  the  utter  failure  of  this  daring 
outrage,  for  it  showed  that  the  blacks  were  contented  with 
their  homes,  and  desired  not  the  emancipation  of  the  sword. 
Another  thing,  if  not  quite  so  clear,  at  least  looked  ominous. 
This  madman,  Brown,  had  been  known  as  an  efficient  instru- 
ment in  the  hands  of  the  anti-slavery  party  of  New  England  ; 
and  it  was,  therefore,  a  matter  of  conjecture  at  the  South 
how  far  he  was  incited  to  this  fearful  attempt  against  their 
very  existence.  Had  they  not  some  reason  to  think  the  act 
met  the  approval  of  the  Abolitionists  of  the  North,  when 
300  bells  tolled  for  the  fate  of  Brown,  and  when  the  organs 
of  the  party  honored  his  memory,  while  affecting  to  disap- 
prove his  conduct  ? 

This  event  sank  deep  into  the  mind  and  heart  of  the 
Southern  States.  They  were  led  to  believe,  for  the  first  time, 
that  the  ultra  wing  of  the  Bepublican  party  contemplated 
the  confiscation  of  their  property  and  the  destruction  of  their 
lives. 

Another  incident  occurred  in  the  summer  of  1860,  which 
deepened  their  conviction  that  the  Northern  States  had  en- 
tered into  a  dark  conspiracy  to  desolate  their  land  with  fire 
and  sword.  It  was  discovered  that  a  book,  called  the  "Im- 
pending Crisis,'^  was  being  secretly  circulated  all  over  the 
North  as  a  "  campaign  document."  The  purport  of  this 
volume  was  to  show,  by  assertion,  as  well  as  by  figures,  that 
the  free  labor  of  the  North  was  more  profitable  than  the 
black  labor  of  the  South.  The  tone  of  the  book  was  violent 
in  the  extreme.  We  will  add  a  few  extracts,  which  will  en- 
able the  reader  to  form  a  correct  opinion  of  the  character  and 
object  of  the  work  : 

"  Slavery  is  a  great  moral,  social,  civil,  and  political  evil,  to  be 
got  rid  of  at  the  earliest  practical  period" — (page  1G8.) 

"Three-quarters  of  a  century  hence,  if  the  South  retains  slavery, 
■which  God  forbid !  she  vn^IU  be  to  the  North  what  Poland  is  to  Russia, 
Cuba  to  Spain,  and  Ireland  to  England" — (p,  163.) 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  159 

*'0n  our  banner  is  inscribed — No  Cooperation  with  Slaveholders 
in  Politics;  no  Fellowship  Avith  them  in  Religion;  no  Aftiliation  with 
them  in  Society.  No  Recognition  of  Pro-slavery  men,  except  as 
Rufiians,  Ontlaws,  and  Criminals" — (p.  156.) 

"  We  believe  it  is,  as  it  ought  to  be,  the  desire,  the  determination, 
and  the  destiny  of  the  Republican  party  to  give  the  death-blow  to 
slavery."— (p.  234.) 

"  In  any  event,  come  what  will,  transpire  what  may,  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery  must  be  abolished." — (p.  180.) 

"We  are  determined  to  abolish  slavery  at  all  hazards — in  defiance 
of  all  the  opposition,  of  whatever  nature,  it  is  possible  for  the 
Slavocrats  to  bring  against  us.  Of  this  they  may  take  due  notice, 
and  govern  themselves  accordingly." — (p.  149.) 

"It  is  our  honest  conviction  that  all  the  Pro-slavery  Slaveholders 
deserve  to  be  at  once  reduced  to  a  parallel  with  the  basest  criminals 
that  lie  fettered  within  the  cells  of  our  public  prisons." — (p.  158.) 

"Shall  we  pat  the  bloodhounds  of  slavery?  Shall  we  fee  the 
curs  of  slavery  ?  Shall  we  pay  the  whelps  of  slavery  ?  No,  never." — 
(p.  329.) 

"Our  purpose  is  as  firmly  fixed  as  the  eternal  pillars  of  heaven; 
we  have  determined  to  abolish  slavery,  and,  so  help  us' God!  abolish 
it  we  will."— (p.  187.) 

Tlic  volume  containing  the  above  quotations,  not  by  any 
means  the  most  bitter,  was  endorsed  by  G8  members  of  Con- 
gress of  the  Republican  party,  whose  names  were  given  for 
publication.  The  South,  under  manifestations  like  these, 
felt  they  had  a  right  to  infer  that,  if  a  party  making  such 
declarations  of  hostility  were  elected  to  power  by  the  North, 
they  must  either  consent  to  the  early  abolition  of  Black 
Slavery,  or  retain  it  by  seceding  from  the  Union. 

When  the  British  G-overnment  emancipated  the  Blacks  in 
her  colonies,  she  acted  witli  the  strictest  commercial  equity  ; 
but  the  book  in  questiou  repudiates  any  compensation  to  the 
"curs  and  whelps  of  slavery.^'     One  more  extract: 

"The   black  god  of  slavery,  which   the  South  has  worshipped  for 

237  years."— (p.  163.) 

Now,  the  writer  is  ignorant  that  the  South  protested  for 
years,  first,  against  the  mother  country,  and,  next,  against 
New  England,  importing  slaves  within  her  borders.  How- 
ever, the  object  of  the  book  was  to  inflame  the  mind  of  the 
North  against  the  South,  and  therefore  falsehood  was  just  as 
good  as  truth. 

In  April,  1860,  the  delegates  of  the  Democratic  party  met 


160  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

in  convention  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  make  their 
nomination  for  the  Presidency.  The  Northern  wing  of  the 
party  proposed  Senator  Douglas  as  the  most  eligible  candi- 
date at  tiie  North,  from  his  doctrine  of  *'  Popular  Sov- 
ereignty.''* The  Southern  wing  objected,  as  they  considered 
said  doctrine  only  a  concession  to  the  Anti-slavery  dogma. 
Mr.  Douglas  did  not  withdraw  his  name,  and  a  rupture  of 
the  party  ensued.  The  Northern  delegates  nominated  Mr. 
Douglas,  in  Baltimore,  June  18  ;  and  on  the  same  occasion, 
the  Southern  delegates  nominated  Vice-President  Breck- 
inridge. 

This  schism  doubled  the  chances  of  the  Republican  party, 
which  met  in  convention  to  select  their  candidate  at  Chi- 
cago, Illinois,  May,  1860.  It  was  generally  supposed  that 
Mr.  W.  H.  Seward,  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  xVnti- 
slavery  party  at  the  North,  an  able  and  wily  statesman,  would 
be  its  chosen  champion  in  the  electoral  lists  about  to  open ; 
but,  to  the  surprise  of  all,  an  almost  unknown  politician  of 
the  West,  Mr.  Abraham  Lincoln,  was  selected  as  its  standard- 
bearer. 

On  the  6th  of  November,  1860,  the  long  agitation  on  the 
slavery  question,  that  began  in  1803,  ended  with  the  elec- 
tion to  the  Presidency  of  Abraham  Lincoln,  the  representa- 
tive of  the  Republican  party,  but  which  contained  within 
its  bowels,  like  the  Trojan  horse  of  old,  the  armed  men  of 
the  Abolition  party.  Shortly  after  this  event,  Gov.  Andrew, 
of  Massachusetts,  declared  at  a  public  meeting,  that  "  the 
election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  was  only  the  first  step  towards 
forcible  emancipation.'^ 

ABSTRACT. 

The  whole  territory  of  the  States,  North  and  South,  was 
originally  slaveholding — English,  Spanish,  and  French.  Not 
from  any  local  law,  but  from  the  laws  of  the  mother 
country. 

Slaves  were  regarded  only  as  property  in  all  the  thirteen 

*  Mr.  Douglas  proposed  giving  the  people  of  a  Territory  the  right 
to  retain  or  exclude  slavery,  instead  of  reserving  the  decision  till 
the  Territory  was  admitted  as  a  State,  the  practice  hitherto. 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  161 

States  that  formed  the  Union ;  since  it  would  have  been  a 
manifest  absurdity  for  the  Slaveholders  who  made  the  Decla- 
ration of  Independence,  to  deckirc  ''  all  men  were  born  free 
and  equal,"  had  they  not  considered  their  slaves  as  property. 

In  forminii:  the  Union,  the  thirteen  Slave  States  conferred 
upon  the  Federal  Government  the  power  to  tax  slave  prop- 
erty ;  to  protect  it  from  foreigners,  as  well  on  the  national 
territories  as  at  sea,  and  also  from  domestic  escape  ;  and  con- 
ferred no  other  power,  either  to  prohibit  or  to  extend  it. 

The  North  clung  to  the  profits  of  the  Slave  Trade  as  long 
as  possible,  and  attacked  the  slave  system  when  they  were 
deprived  of  those  profits. 

The  territory  that  was  once  all  slave,  has  become  free  ; — 
1st,  by  the  Ordinance  of  1787,  prohibiting  slaves  north  of 
the  Ohio  j  2d,  by  eight  Northern  States  abolishing  slavery  in 
their  borders;  3d,  by  the  Missouri  Compromise  of  1820, 
prohibiting  slaves  north  of  36°  30' ;  4th,  the  act  admitting 
Texas  recnactiug  that  line.  Thus  the  North  has  driven 
slaves  out  of  half  the  Territories  of  the  United  States,  show- 
ing a  constant  and  large  aggression  upon  the  South. 

The  duty  of  the  Government  is  undoubtedly  to  protect  the 
property  upon  the  Territories,  until  people  there  settled  form 
their  own  laws. 

The  agitation  of  the  slave  question  grew  originally  out  of 
the  chagrin  of  New  England,  at  being  deprived  of  the  Slave 
Trade  and  its  profits.  It  was  prolonged  by  the  mutual  irri- 
tation that  the  opposition  of  Massachusetts  to  the  purchase 
of  Louisiana  occasioned. 

Emancipation  made  steady  progress  in  all  the  States,  until 
Abolition  forced  the  Slaveholders  upon  the  defensive. 

Abolition  made  little  progress,  until  unscrupulous  partisans 
coquetted  with  it  for  party  issues. 

The  question  of  the  power  of  the  Government  to  exclude 
slavery  from  the  Territories,  has  been  blended  with  the  moral 
question  as  to  the  ''sin  of  slavery/' 

The  cry  of  "  Free  Soil "  was  raised  in  1848,  by  ]Mr.  Van 
Buren,  to  avenge  his  non-nomination  by  the  South,  at  Balti- 
more. 

The  compromise  measures  of  1850,  were  carried  by  the 
influence  of  llcury  Clay. 


162  THE    CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

Violation  of  tlicse  compromises,  by  the  "Personal  Liberty 
Bills"  of  the  Northern  States,  soon  followed. 

Kepeal  of  the  Missouri  roniprouiise,  in  1854. 

Attempt,  by  the  Abolition  party,  to  make  Kansas  a  Free 
State  by  force,  which  was  resisted  by  the  South. 

llise  of  Republican  party,  under  the  lead  of  Mr.  VI.  II. 
Seward,  and  its  defeat  in  1856. 

Violent  agitation  of  the  slavery  question  at  the  North,  fol- 
lowed by  the  invasion  of  Virginia  by  John  Brown,  in  1859, 
and  the  circulation  of  the  Helper  Book,  in  18G0. 

The  theory  of  a  "Higher  Law'^  at  the  North,  to  justify 
resistance  to  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  Congress,  has  be- 
gotten the  Higher  Law  of  Self-preservation  at  the  South,  to 
justify  resistance  to  a  dominant  party,  which  embraces  the 
"sin  of  slavery"  among  its  tenets. 

The  Southern  States  have  been  for  nearly  sixty  years  the 
object  of  political  persecution  by  the  North,  which  they  have 
borne  wnth  patience  and  returned  with  kindness.  In  1820, 
the  North  entered  into  a  compromise,  which  has  been  broken. 
In  1850  they  made  new  agreements,  which  have  since  been 
violated.  In  1860  a  legal  majority  elected  a  President  on  the 
"  Platform  "  that  "  Slavery  must  be  restricted  to  its  present 
limits."  Outraged  in  our  rights,  and  threatened  in  our  in- 
terests, what  course  is  left  the  South  ?  To  fold  their  arms 
and  await  more  injury  and  endure  more  obloquy?  Would 
this  check  the  aggressions  of  the  North  till  both  North  and 
South  were  swallowed  up  in  the  vortex  of  ruin  ?  It  is  clear 
that  the  South  have  no  alternative.  Par  better  they  should 
have  abandoned  the  Confederacy  than  remain  only  to  engage 
in  bitter  feuds  that  compromise  the  dignity  of  the  country, 
and  sow  the  seeds  of  undying  hatred. 

Id  1789,  according  to  our  view,  the  South  entered  into  a 
civil  compact  with  the  North,  on  certain  conditions  and 
guarantees.  These  have  been  broken,  and  the  South  re- 
turns, in  her  opinion,  to   her  original  sovereignty.'"''     Even 


■''^'  This  principle  of  sovereignty  was  repeatedly  asserted  by  New 
England  during  the  last  Avar,  and  on  January  4,  1815,  a  report  of  a 
committee  was  raatle  in  the  Hartford  Convention,  in  favor  of  imme- 
diate secession  from  the  Union,  on  the  plea  that  the  Constitution  had 
been  violated  by  the  Embargo  Act,  and  the  ordering  of  the  militia 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  163 

were  it  otherwise— wore  it  true  that  the  South  owed  alle- 
giance to  the  Pedernl  (Jovern.nent-still,  she  asserts  our  own 
Declaration  of  Independence  in  177G,  and  the  present  prac- 
tice  of  Europe  justify  all  people  in  repudiatino-  a  government 
which  assails  their  rig'hts  and  sacrifices  their  best  interests, 
it  the  Northern  btates  do  not  acknowledge  these  truths, 
then  are  they  faJse  to  their  origin,  and  seek'to  substitute  for 
a  government  of  opinion  the  tyranny  of  force.  The  South 
will  adhere  to  its  right  of  secession  at  all  hazards,  and  at 
every  sacrifice.  ' 

A  few  general  considerations,  and  we  conclude  our  narra- 
tive.    Alter   tracing  the   course  of  events  recorded  in  the 
foregoing  pages    the    questions  naturally   arise-What  has 
heen  the  result  ?     What  have  the  Abolitionists  gained  V    The 
answers  may  be  briefly  summed  up  as  follows : 
^    1.  They  have  put  an  end   to  the  emancipation  which  orig- 
inated among  the  real  philanthropists  of  the  South     In  their 
wild  and  fanatical  attempts  they  have  counteracted  the  verv 
ol:^]ect  at  which  they  have  aimed.     In  the  languao'e  of  an- 
other, ^'  The  worst  foes  of  the  black  race  are  those  who  have 
intermeddled   in   their  behalf.     By  nature,  the  most  affec- 
tionate  and  loyal  of  races  beneath  the  sun,  they  are  also  the 
most  helpless  ;     and  no  calamity  can  befal  them  greater  than 
tlie  loss  of  that  protection  they  enjoy  under  this  patriarchal 
system.     Indeed,  the  experiment   has  been  tried  of  precipi- 
tating them   upon    a  freedom  which   they  know  not  how  to 
enjoy;  and   the  dismal   results  are   before  the  world  in  sta- 
tistics that  may  well  excite  astonishment.''* 

into  the  service  of  the  United  States.     The  report  defended  the  right 
ot  secession  as  follows  :  *= 

"That  Acts  of  Congress,  in   violation  of  the  Constitution,  are  a6- 

W.././// Wis  an  undeniable  position But  in  cases  of 

aehborate  dangerous,  and  palpable  infractions  of  the  Constitution 
attectiug  the  sovereignty  of  a  State  and  liberties  of  the  people  it  is  not 
only  the  right,  but  the  duty,  of  such  State  to  interpose  its  authoritu 
lor  their  protection,  m  the  manner  best  calculated  to  secure  that  end 
When  emergencies  occur,  which  are  either  beyond  the  reach  of  the 
juclicial  tribunals  ov  too  pressing  to  admit  of  the  delay  incident  to  their 
101  ms,  States  which  have  no  common  umpire,  must  be  their  oxen  judoes 
nnii  execute  their  own  decisions.  The  States  should  so  use  their  power 
as  ettectually  to  protect  their  own  sovereignty  and  the  rights  and  lib- 
erties of  their  citizens."  ^  b  u 

•^"Compared   with    European  laborers,  the   Black  lives  like  a 


164  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

In  striking  confirmation  of  tlie  above,  we  extract  from  the 
mortuary  records  of  the  last  year  the  following  cases  of 
Negro  slaves  who  lived  to  over  a  hundred  years : 

1860 — February  2.  Female  slave,  Virginia 105 

I860—        "        15.  Milly  Lamar,  Georgia  135 

I860— March      25.   Sara,  Georgia 140 

I860— April        17.  Glasgow,  Kentucky  112 

"  With  the  fairest  portions  of  the  earth  in  their  possession, 
and  with  the  advantage  of  a  long  discipline  as  the  cultiva- 
tors of  the  soil,  their  constitutional  indolence  has  converted 
the  most  beautiful  islands  of  the  sea  into  howling  wastes. 
It  is  not  too  much  to  say,  that  if  the  South  should,  at  this 
moment,  surrender  every  slave,  the  wisdom  of  the  entire 
world,  united  in  solemn  council,  could  not  solve  the  question 
of  their  disposal.  Freedom  would  be  their  doom.  Every 
Southern  master  knows  this  truth  and  feels  its  power.'' 

2.  Touch  the  negro,  and  you  touch  cotton — the  mainspring 
that  keeps  the  machinery  of  the  world  in  motion.  In  teach- 
ing slaves  to  entertain  wild  and  dangerous  notions  of  liberty, 
the  Abolitionists  have  thus  jeopardized  the  commerce  of  the 
country  and  the  manufacturing  interests  of  the  civilized 
world.  They  have  likewise  destroyed  confidence.  In  short, 
all  the  kind  relations  that  have  ever  existed  between  the 
North  and  the  South  have  been  interrupted,  and  a  barrier 
erected,  which,  socially,  commercially,  and  politically,  has 
separated  the  heretofore  united  interests  of  the  two  sections. 

3.  They  have  held  out  a  Canadian  Utopia,  where  they 
have  taught  the  slaves  in  their  ignorance  to  believe  they 
could  enjoy  a  life  of  ease  and  luxury,  and  having  cut  them 
oiF  from  a  race  of  kind  masters,  and  separated  them  from 
comfortable  homes,  left  the  deluded  beings,  incapable  of  self- 
support,  upon  an  uncongenial  soil,  to  live  in  a  state  of 
bestiality  and  misery,  and  die  cursing  the  Abolitionists  as 
the  authors  of  their  wretchedness. 

prince.  He  has  his  cabin  generally  neat  and  clean,  and  always 
Aveather-proof.  He  has  likewise  his  own  garden-patcli,  over  which 
he  is  lord  paramount.  He  is  well  fed,  well  lodged,  well  clothed,  and 
never  overworked.  His  holidays  are  niimerous,  and  enjoyed  with 
infinite  gusto.  Sleek,  happy,  and  contented,  the  Black  lives  to  a 
great  age.  The  Slaveholder  finds  it  to  his  interest  to  treat  his  Ne- 
groes liberally,  and  takes  every  means  to  make  them  healthy  and 
contented." 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  165 

4.  Thcj  liave  led  a  portion  of  the  people  of  the  North,  as 
well  as  of  the  South,  to  examiuc  the  question  in  all  its 
aspects,  and  to  plant  themselves  upon  the  broad  principle 
that  that  form  of  government  which  recognizes  the  institu- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  United  States,  is  the  best,  the  condi- 
tion of  the  two  races,  white  and  black  being  considered,  for 
the  development,  progress,  and  happiness  of  each.  In  other 
words,  to  regard  servitude  as  a  blessing  to  the  negro,  and, 
under  proper  and  philanthropic  restrictions,  necessary  to  their 
preservation  and  the  prosperity  of  the  country. 

5.  Step  by  step  they  have  built  up  a  party  upon  an  issue 
which  has  led  to  a  dissolution  of  the  Union.  They  have 
scattered  the  seeds  of  Abolitionism  until  a  majority  of  the 
voters  of  the  Free  States  have  become  animated  by  a  fixed 
purpose  to  prevent  the  further  growth  of  the  slave  power. 

The  power  of  the  North  has  been  consolidated,  and,  for 
the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the  country,  it  is  wielded  as  a 
sectional  weapon  against  the  interests  of  the  South.  The 
Government  is  now  in  the  hands  of  men  elected  by  Northern 
votes,  who  regard  slavery  as  a  curse  and  a  crime,  and  they 
will  have  the  means  necessary  to  accomplish  their  purpose. 

The  utterances  that  have  heretofore  come  from  the  rostrum, 
or  from  irresponsible  associations  of  individuals,  now  come 
from  the  throne.  '^  Clad  with  the  sanctities  of  ofiice,  with 
the  anointing  oil  poured  upon  the  monarch's  head,  the  decree 
has  gone  forth  that  the  institution  of  Southern  slavery  shall 
be  constrained  within  assigned  limits.  Though  Nature  and 
Providence  should  send  forth  its  branches  like  the  banyan 
tree,  to  take  root  in  congenial  soil,  here  is  a  power  superior  to 
both,  that  says  it  shall  wither  and  die  within  its  own  charmed 
circle." 

Abraham  Lincoln,  President  of  the  United   States,  says : 

"I  believe  this  Government  cannot  endure  permanently,  half  slave 
and  half  free.  I  do  not  expect  the  Union  to  be  dissolved ;  I  do  not 
expect  the  house  to  fall,  but  I  do  expect  that  it  will  cease  to  be  di- 
vided. It  will  become  all  one  thing,  or  all  the  other.  Either  the 
opponents  of  slavery  will  arrest  the  further  spread  of  it,  and  place 
it  where  the  public  mind  shall  rest  in  the  belief  that  it  is  in  the 
course  of  ultimate  extinction,  or  its  advocates  will  push  it  forward 
until  it  shall  become  alike  lawful  in  all  the  States,  old  as  well  as  new. 
North  as  well  as  South." 

"  I  have  always  hated  slavery  as  much  as  any  Abolitionist.    I  have 


166  THE   CONFEDERATE   STATES   ALMANAC, 

always  been  an  old  line  Whig.  I  have  always  hated  it,  and  I  always 
believed  it  in  a  course  of  ultimate  extinction.  If  I  were  in  Congress, 
and  a  vote  should  come  up  on  a  question  whether  slavery  should  be 
prohibited  in  a  new  Territory,  in  spite  of  the  Dred  Scott  decision,  I 
would  vote  that  it  should." 

^^  Abolitionism  and  fanaticism  is  a  blood-liound  that  never 
bolts  its  track  when  it  has  once  lapped  blood.  The  elevation 
of  their  candidate  is  far  from  being  the  consummation  of 
their  aims.  It  is  only  the  beginning  of  that  consummation  ; 
and  if  all  history  be  not  a  lie^,  there  will  be  coercion  enough 
till  the  end  of  the  beginning  is  reached,  and  the  dreadful 
banquet  of  slaughter  and  ruin  shall  glut  the  appetite. ^^ 

And  now  the  end  has  come.  The  divided  house,  which 
Lincoln  boastfully  said  would  not  fall,  has  fallen.  The  ruins 
of  the  Union  are  at  the  feet  as  well  of  those  who  loved  and 
cherished  it  as  of  those  who  labored  for  its  destruction.  The 
Constitution  is  at  length  a  nullity.  Fanaticism  and  Abolition 
has  its  apotheosis  in  Abe  Lincoln. 


SOUTHERN  AND  NORTHERN  COMMERCE. 

The  exports  of  merchandise  from  the  United  States,  in 
1859,  were  as  follows  : 

Merchandise  of  Southern  origin $198,389,351 

"  of  Northern  origin 78,217,202 

Total  Merchandise  exported $270,606,553 

This  large  amount,  nearly  $200,000,000,  of  Southern  pro- 
duce, may  realize  abroad,  with  freights  and  profits,  some 
$225,000,000,  for  which  goods  are  taken  in  return ;  and  the 
duty  of  25  per  cent,  on  these,  amounts  to  $56,000,000, 
which  may  be  regarded  as  a  bounty  on  Northern  manufac- 
tures as  against  those  of  England,  where  the  Southern  pro- 
ducts are  mostly  sold. 

That  such  a  system  should  build  up  an  immense  manufac- 
turing interest  at  the  North,  was  inevitable.  The  Federal 
census  of  1850  gave  the  value  of  manufactures  annually  pro- 
duced, as  follows  : 

Capital  in  Manufactures.       Production. 

North $438,249,677  $854,526,679 

South 94,995,674  164,579,937 


Total  Manufactures $533,245,351       $1,019,106,616 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL    KNOWLEDGE.  167 

The  Nortli  also  imports  for  the  South,  and  the  value  of 
the  whole  charged  to  the  South  is  enhanced  in  the  ratio  of 
the  duty,  viz.,  25  per  cent.  The  North  may  be  said  to  take 
all  the  Southern  products,  and  pay  in  goods,  at  25  per  cent, 
advance  over  the  English  prices. 

The  influx  of  emigrants  from  abroad,  with  large  capital, 
aided  that  development. 

The  financial  operations  of  the  agricultural  South,  where 
$300,000,000  worth  of  crops  are  annually  moved  to  market, 
necessarily  centred  in  New  York,  where  the  goods  are  mostly 
imported,  and  Eastern  manufactures  are  distributed.  New 
York  has  also  become  the  chief  point  of  connection  with 
Europe,  and  therefore  all  Southern  travellers  come  there  to 
embark.  These  various  causes  draw  a  large  Southern  ex- 
penditure to  the  North,  which  is  not  in  any  way  reciprocated. 

All  the  operations  of  Finance,  Banking,  Insurance,  Bro- 
kerage, Commissions,  Profits  on  Imports,  and  on  Domestic 
Manufactures,  etc.,  inure  to  the  North,  on  the  basis  of  the 
agriculture  of  the  South.  These  items  have  been  estimated 
at  an  aggregate  of  $231,000,000  per  annum,  drawn  for 
Northern  account  from  Southern  industry.  It  is  not,  there- 
fore, a  matter  of  surprise  that  the  North  has  accumulated 
wealth  much  faster  than  the  South.  But  it  is  a  matter  of 
surprise  that  the  North,  under  these  circumstances,  should 
upbraid  the  South  with  her  comparative  poverty. 

The  North  takes  of  the  South  750,000  bales  of  cotton, 
worth  $50,000,000,  per  annum;  which  it  works  up  into 
cotton  goods,  to  send  back  to  the  South.  That  quantity  of 
cotton  will  make  1,035,000,000  yards  of  cotton  cloth,  for 
which  $100,000,000  is  charged;' but  England  will  sell  the 
same  quantity  for  $75,000,000,  and  if  the  South  makes  it 
herself,  it  may  be  done  for  $60,000,000.  Southern  econo- 
mists can  see  that,  to  make  this  great  saving,  nothing  else  is 
necessary  than  to  keep  at  home  the  capital  that  has  been 
drained  off  to  the  Nortli. 

The  Southern  States,  including  Virginia,  Kentucky, 
Georgia,  Tennessee,  North  Carolina,  and  most  of  South  Caro- 
lina, are  the  finest  grain-growing  countries  in  the  world  ;  and 
were  not  cotton,  tobacco,  and  rice  more  profitable,  those 
States  might  export  corn,  wheat,  and  other  cereals,  in  large 
quantities.     The  slopes  of  the  AUeghanies  on  both  sides  are 


168 


THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 


as  fertile,  and  as  well  suited  for  the  production  of  breadstuffs 
of  all  kinds,  as  any  lands  in  the  country.  They  are  covered 
with  beautiful  farms,  the  soil  and  the  climate  are  alike  favor- 
able, and  it  is  the  height  of  absurdity  to  talk  of  the  poverty 
of  the  Southern  States.  To  some  extent,  at  present,  they 
cultivate  other  crops,  which  they  exchange  for  food,  because 
they  can  do  so  with  advantage  to  themselves;  but  throw  them 
on  their  own  resources,  and  cut  them  off  from  Northern  and 
Western  supplies,  and  they  can  produce  not  only  enough  for 
themselves,  but  compete  with  the  North  in  exportation. 

In  the  interior  of  the  Southern  States,  almost  every  de- 
scription of  food  abounds,  and  is  far  cheaper  than  in  the 
Northern  and  Eastern  States,  It  is  only  a  strip  of  the  sea- 
board that  forms  the  exception  to  the  rule,  and  there  the 
production  of  cotton  and  rice  amply  compensates  for  the  de- 
ficiency of  the  cereals.  It  is  only  because  the  conveyance 
by  sea  of  food  to  the  Southern  ports  from  the  North  is 
cheaper  than  the  carriage  by  railroad,  from  the  interior  of 
the  Southern  States,  that  wheat,  corn,  and  other  grain,  are 
shipped  to  any  extent  from  the  North,  in  exchange  for  cotton, 
tobacco,  and  rice.  But  if  the  policy  of  non-intercourse 
should  prevail,  the  demand  at  the  Southern  seaboard  would 
soon  produce  the  necessary  supply  from  the  interior.  The 
South  will  wholly  withdraw  its  trade  and  its  exchanges  from 
the  North,  and  transfer  them  to  England,  France,  and  other 
European  countries. 

But,  after  all,  it  is  a  very  small  proportion  of  the  bread- 
stuffs  and  other  food,  consumed  by  the  Southern  seaboard, 
that  comes  from  the  North.  For  instance.  Mobile  derives  its 
chief  supplies  from  New  Orleans — one  of  the  cheapest  mar- 
kets in  the  United  States.  The  prices  at  New  Orleans, 
Savannah,  Charleston,  and  New  York,  compare  thus  : 


Article. 


Flour 

Wheat..., 

Corn 

Potatoes 
Bacon... 
Butter.... 
Cheese... 
Apples... 


New  Orleans, 
Nov.  21. 


$4  50  @  7  50 


25  &j 
68  @ 
GO  (^ 
12  m 
10  @ 
9  &, 
GO  @ 


60 
72 
50 
14 
15 

12M 
00 


Savannah, 
Nov.  23. 


$6  00  @  7  50 


75  @ 

50 

13 

15  @, 

10  (5), 
GO  @ 


85 


28 
13 
25 


Charleston, 
Nov.  23. 


$6  00    @  7  50 


65  @ 
50  @ 
12i^@ 
15    @ 

10  m 


85 
00 
13 
28 
13 


New  York, 
Nov.  28. 


$i  85    @ 

1  10     @ 

65>^@ 

1  50     @ 

914®. 

14     @ 

10     @ 

1  37     @ 


25 
43 

00 
10 
20 
11 

50 


AND   REPOSITORY   OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  169 

Here,  then,  it  will  be  seen  tliat  the  average  cost  of  these 
essential  articles  of  food  is  less  at  New  Orleans  than  it  is  at 
New  York  ;  and  from  New  Orleans,  which  is  supplied  by  the 
Mississippi,  all  parts  of  the  cotton  Gulf  States  are  accessible 
either  by  water  or  by  railroad.  The  Atlantic  cotton  States 
are  also  connected  with  the  interior  Southern  States,  both 
by  water  and  railroad  communication. 

Then,  the  South  produces  food  of  better  quality  than  the 
North.  Southern  flour,  for  instance,  commands  the  highest 
price  in  the  market  of  New  York.  The  average  daily  sales 
of  Southern  flour  in  this  market  are  from  1200  to  1500  bar- 
rels ;  and  if  we  take  into  account  the  quantity  of  flour  and 
other  breadstuff's  sent  here  from  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Ken- 
tucky, Missouri,  North  Carolina,  and  other  slave  States,  per- 
haps the  balance  against  the  South,  on  the  score  of  food, 
would  be  exceedingly  small. 

The  South,  moreover,  excels  the  North  in  its  water-power, 
and  teems  with  coal  and  other  minerals.  It  has  cheaper 
labor,  and  a  better  climate,  and  therefore  can  successfully 
compete  with  the  North  in  manufactures.  Owing  to  the 
mildness  of  the  weather  in  winter,  its  factories  can  work  all 
the  year  round ;  and  the  South  requires  less  clothing  and 
less  fuel  for  its  population,  (two  main  items  in  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  Northern  mechanic,)  and  therefore  a  higher  de- 
gree of  comfort  can  be  obtained  for  the  same  labor  at  the 
South  than  at  the  North. 

The  Gulf  of  Mexico  will  become  the  Mediterranean  of 
the  New  World,  surrounded  by  States  more  wealthy,  more 
advanced  in  civilization  and  in  all  the  arts  of  government 
than  were  those  of  Greece  or  Rome;  and  which  occupy  a 
country  around  its  shores  more  fertile  and  fruitful  than  the 
land  of  the  laurel  and  the  olive,  while  a  great  river  more 
vast  in  its  outstretched  tributaries  than  the  Nile,  will  cease- 
lessly pour  its  tide  of  commerce  into  the  city  of  its  delta. 


170  THE    CONFEl^ERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 


THE  COMMERCIAL  AND  FINANCIAL  INDEPENDENCE 


OF   THE 


CONFEDERATE    STATES, 


The  force  of  habit  has  constituted  the  chief  obstacle  to  oui'  political 
independence — the  habit  of  cherishing  for  the  Union  a  cordial  and 
immovable  attachment,  of  thinking  and  speaking  of  it  as  a  palladium 
of  our  political  safety  and  prosperity,  and  of  discountenancing  what- 
ever might  suggest  even  a  suspicion  that  it  could,  in  any  event,  be 
abandoned.  This  habit  had  acquired  all  the  strength  of  second 
nature,  and  never  could  have  been  changed  except  after  a  long  train 
of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object  of 
sectional  domination,  and  tending  inevitably'  to  absolute  despotism. 
Lo  king  to  its  aggregate  results,  it  is  difficult  to  over-estimate  the 
value  of  the  Union,  but  looking  to  its  results,  in  detail, -it  is  readily 
seen  that  certain  portions  of  the  United  States  have  enjoyed  the  lion's 
share  of  its  benefits.  It  is  worse  than  that — certain  portions  have 
grown  rich  and  powerful  by  trading  upon  the  capital  produced  by 
other  parties.  The  whole  truth  is  still  worse — certain  portions  have 
for  years  been  little  more  than  colonial  dependencies  of  other  portions 
— 30  far,  at  least,  as  their  commercial  and  financial  interests  have 
been  concerned.  In  the  progress  of  this  communication,  each  one  of 
these  positions  will  be  fully  established. 

The  growth  of  the  commerce  of  our  country,  from  1764,  when  it 
was  interrupted  by  the  growing  difficulties  between  the  colonies  and 
the  mother  country,  to  the  present  time,  furnishes  the  strongest  pos- 
sible view  of  the  prosperity  of  the  Union  as  a  whole.  This  growth  is 
exhibited  by  the  following  figures: 

Imports.  Exports. 

In  1764 $    5,502,860  $11,203,800 

In  1860 362,166,254  373,189,274 

In  the  fiscal  year,  ending  June  30, 1860,  the  amount  of  our  surplus 
products  of  all  kinds,  exported  to  foreign  countries,  and  exclianged 
for  their  products,  was  three  hundred  and  seventy-three  millions  of 
dollars.  The  amount  of  foreign  products  so  exchanged  for  was  three 
hundred  and  sixty-two  millions.  As  the  trade  between  nations  con- 
sists of  an  exchange  of  simple  products,  it  is  apparent  that  the 
amount  of  our  surplus  products  for  export  furnishes  the  best  test  of 


AND    REPOSITORY  OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  171 

our  national  prosperity.  But  this  general  exhibit  of  our  wonderful 
prosperity  as  a  nation  furnishes  but  an  inadequate  view  of  the  real 
pi'osperity  of  the  diflFerent  portions  of  the  nation.  The  account  must 
be  stated  between  the  tAvo  sections  in  order  to  have  a  correct  view  of 
the  subject.  The  exports  of  the  Northern  and  Southern  States  stand 
thus : 

Exports  of  Northern  products $  07,346,973 

Southern  products 218,895,450 

"  gold  find  silver  coin 26,033,578 

"  gold  and  silver  bullion 30,913,173 

Total  exports  for  18C0 $373,189,174 

Viewing  the  North  and  South  as  two  partners  embai'ked  in  foreign 
trade,  it  appears  that  whilst  the  North  is  twice  as  numerous  as  the 
South,  yet  the  South  furnishes  more  than  twice  tlie  capital  of  the 
concern. 

These  exports  are  carried  abroad  and  exchanged  for  goods,  wares, 
and  mercliandise  wliich  constitute  our  imports.  In  1860,  they 
amounted  to  $302,160,254.  Of  this  amount  the  official  tables  show 
that  there  was  imported, 

Into  Southern  ports ?  40.585.36S 

Into  Northern  ports 321,580,886 

Here  is  a  great  fact  that  ought  to  arrest  Southern  attention.  Al- 
though tlie  South  produces  for  exportation,  and  actually  exports 
from  her  ports  largely  over  two  hundred  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of 
produce,  yet  of  the  goods  for  which  they  are  exchanged  abroad  \es9 
than  one-fifth  of  the  amount  comes  back  through  our  own  ports;  the 
residue  comes  back  tlirough  Northern  ports. 

But  it  must  be  borne  in  mind,  that  whilst  the  South  exports  from 
her  own  ports  largely  over  two  hundred  millions  worth  of  produce, 
she  does  not  export  this  produce  in  Southerfi  vessels.  Six-sevenths  of 
these  exports  go  abroad  in  Northern  vessels,  thus  furni.-^iiing  the 
Northern  capital,  vested  in  tonnage,  the  round  profit  of  twenty  mil- 
lions a  year  made  for  freighting  Southern  produce  to  foreign  markets. 
Such  has  been  our  dependence  on  the  North  for  the  transportation 
of  our  surplus  products  to  foreign  markets. 

One  hundred  and  seventy-eight  millions  of  the  goods  imported  in 
exchange  for  Soutliern  products  are  brought  to  us  through  Northern 
ports,  for  the  purpose  of  making  it  the  subject  of  complaint  against 
the  North.  The  fact,  liowever,  is  important,  inasmuch  as  it  shows 
how  dependent  we  have  heretofore  been  upon  tlie  North  for  most  of 
the  necessaries  and  luxuries  for  which  our  products  have  been  ex- 
changed. We  have  been  content  to  furnish  the  products,  and  then 
to  depend  upon  Northern  capital  and  enterprise  for  converting  it  into 
the  goods  wliich  we  require  in  exchange.  We  cannot  complain  if  we 
have  consented  to  rely  on  Northern  men  as  our  factors  and  agents, 
in  carrying  on  our  foreign  trade,  and  iu  furnishing  us  with  goods. 


172  THE   CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC, 

They  have  nmasscil  immense  fortunes  in  thus  transacting  our  busi- 
ness, and  we  have  been  satisfied  with  our  dependent  condition. 

If  thej^have  made  twenty  millions  annually,  in  tlie  way  of  freights, 
on  our  products  to  Evirope,  and  twenty  millions  more  freights  in 
bringing  back  the  goods  for  which  they  were  exchanged,  and  thirty 
millions  more  as  profits  on  the  goods  thus  brought  back  and  sold  to 
our  retail  merchants,  we  have  submitted  to  it  without  murmuring ; 
and  do  not  now  bring  it  up  for  any  other  purpose  than  to  show  how 
quietly  and  patiently  we  have  acquiesced  in  the  course  of  trade 
which  has  enabled  them  to  make  annually  seventy  millions,  in  acting 
as  our  agents  and  factors.  It  is  too  obvious  to  require  comment, 
that  if  the  capital  that  Avorked  this  machinery  of  trade  had  been 
owned  in  Baltimore,  Charleston,  and  New  Orleans,  these  immense 
profits,  instead  of  building  up  Boston,  New  York,  and  Philadelphia, 
would  have  contributed  to  building  up  great  Southern  cities.  It  is 
equally  obvious  that  if  we  employ  our  own  men  and  means  hereafter, 
in  managing  our  foreign  trade,  we  shall  have  Southern  cities  rivalling 
those  of  the  North. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  all  of  the  surplus  products  of  the 
South  are  exported  to  foreign  countries.  Unfortunately  for  accuracy 
of  statement,  we  have  not  the  official  data  on  which  to  exhibit  that 
portion  of  our  products  which  is  sent  directly  to  the  Nortli  for  ex- 
change for  Northern  products.  We  know  that  about  800,000  bales 
of  our  cotton — worth  about  forty  million  dollars  —  are  sent  yearly 
to  New  England,  and  Ave  know  of  many  other  articles,  worth  millions 
upon  millions  of  dollars,  that  are  sent  and  exchanged  for  Northern 
products,  but  of  the  aggregate  amount  we  can  only  form  an  estimate. 
A  very  able  and  reliable  Northern  writer,  T.  P.  Kettell,  Esq.,  after 
investigation,  has  expressed  the  opinion  that  the  South  sends  annu- 
ally to  the  North  produce  to  the  value  of  two  hundred  millions  of 
dollars.  Assuming  this  sum  to  be  reliable,  the  account  will  stand 
thus ; 

Goods  imported  through  Northern  ports  in  exchange  for  Southern 

products $218,895,450 

Produce  sent  directly  North 200,000,000 

Total $418,895,450 

As  we  buy  at  least  as  much  from  the  North  as  we  sell  there,  the 
trade  between  the  two  sections  is  double  this,  or  $837,790,900,  an- 
nually. If  this  immense  trade  was  carried  on,  on  terms  mutually 
beneficial,  it  would  indicate  an  amazing  prosperity,  not  only  in  the 
nation,  as  a  whole,  but  in  all  of  its  parts. 

I  have  shown  some  of  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  North,  grow- 
ing out  of  the  peculiar  course  of  trade  between  the  two  sections.  It 
falls  in  my  way  now  to  notice  another  advantage  enjoyed  by  the 
North,  and,  beyond  all  comparison,  the  most  important  and  controll- 
ing one.  My  allusion  is  to  the  influence  of  the  tariff-laws  on  the 
trade  and  commerce  of  the  two  sections.  I  am  not  now  criticising 
the  policy  of  protective  or  prohibitory  duties,  as  recently  adopted 


AND   REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  173 

by  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  but  I  am  following  the  lights 
furnished  by  the  official  report  for  1860,  when  the  rerenue  tariff  was 

in  operation.  tf>o-n  o-o  oot 

In  1860,  the  dutiable  goods  imported  amounted  to  $2<9,8/^,32i, 
and  the  average  tariff  was  20  per  cent.  Of  this  amount,  one  hun- 
dred and  fifteen  millions  were  imported  in  exchange  for  Northern 
products,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  millions  in  exchange  for 
Southern  products— the  former  yielding  twenty-three  millions  of 
revenue,  and  the  latter  thirty-two  millions.  It  thus  appears  that  the 
South  contributes  tliree-tifths  of  the  revenue  from  imports,  and  yet 
it  is  an  undeniable  fact  that,  in  the  disbursement  of  the  revenues,  at 
least  three-fifths  are  expended  in  the  North.  If  such  is  the  unequal 
operation  of  a  revenue  tariff,  it  would  be  difficult  to  estimate  the  in- 
justice of  the  protective  tariff  now  in  operation  in  the  Northern 
Government.  , 

But  I  do  not  note  this  inequality  in  the  operation  ot  tlic  tantt 
policy  in  order  to  complain  of  it;  the  law  gave  this  advantage  to 
the  North,  and  the  Soutli  being  a  law-abiding  people,  submitted  to 
the  injustice  without  complaint.  The  fact,  however,  is  useful  in 
showing  the  independence  of  the  Soutli  of  the  North. 

There  is  another  feature  in  the  operation  of  the  tariff  policy  which 
deserves  special  attention.  1  have  shown  that  the  South  buys  of  the 
North  about  two  hundred  millions  of  goods  annually,  in  addition  to 
the  amount  received  from  abroad  through  Northern  ports,  in  ex- 
change for  Southern  products  exported  to  foreign  countries.  The 
operation  of  the  tariff  policy  on  the  prices  we  have  to  pay  for  this 
additional  two  hundred  millions  of  Northern  goods  is  exactly  the 
same  as  upon  the  like  goods  imported  from  abroad.  It  increases  the 
prices  to  the  consumers  of  the  goods  at  the  rate  of  twenty  per  cent., 
under  the  revenue  tariff  of  1857,  and  of  thirty  to  forty  per  cent., 
under  the  tariff  of  1860.  Under  the  revenue  tariff,  the  additional 
cost  to  the  Southern  consumers  would  be  sixty  millions  annually,  in- 
cluding tariff  and  freights,  and  with  the  protective  tariff,  from  eighty 
to  one  hundred  millions  annually.  As  onerous  and  unjust  as  is  this 
annual  imposition  of  sixty  millions  upon  Southern  consumption,  we 
cannot  complain  of  it,  because  it  is  only  the  incidental  protection 
derived  by  the  manufacturers  of  the  North  from  a  revenue  tariff, 
but  when  this  amount  is  swelled  to  eighty  or  one  hundred  millions, 
under  a  protective  tariff,  it  becomes  a  subject  for  just  complaint. 

We  may  now  recapitulate  the  substantial  benefits  derived  by  th& 
North  from  the  course  of  commercial  dealings  established  between 
the  two  sections.  The  following  figures  exhibit  the  annual  profits 
made  by  the  North  upon  Southern  products : 

For  freights  to  and  from  Europe ;-;';"'  ^.HSono 

For  promts  on  foroi^'n  imported  poods  sold  to  Southern  morol  ants..    .30,000,000 
For  increased  tariff-  prices  on  Northern  manufactures  sold  to  the     ^^^^^^^^^ 
South ' 

Total  profits ?130,000,000 


174  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES    ALMANAC, 

For  opportunity  of  realizing  annually  this  aggregate  profit  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty  millions  on  Southern  products,  the  North  is  in- 
debted mainly  to  the  Union.  These  profits  result  froin  that  peculiar 
course  of  commercial  trade,  between  the  North  and  South,  which 
has  been  stimulated  and  fostered  and  protected  by  the  legislation  of 
the  Union  from  the  beginning  of  the  Government.  As  rich  as  the 
North  is  now,  she  was  once  very  poor.  Before  she  was  blessed  by  the 
Union  with  the  South,  her  people  made  a  living  by  sending  small 
vessels  to  the  West  India  Islands,  laden  with  fish,  beef,  butter,  pork, 
poultry,  cider,  apples,  cabbages,  onions,  etc.  These  articles  sold  for 
money,  which  they  carried  to  England,  who  bought  their  goods,  re- 
turning by  the  way  of  the  African  coast,  catching  or  buying  negroes, 
and  bringing  them  back  for  sale  to  the  Southern  colonies.  They 
had  little  or  nothing  to  export,  whilst  the  Southern  colonies  had  a 
large  surplus  of  exports  over  their  imports. 

As  long  as  Great  Britain  exercised  dominion  over  her  colonies,  the 
North  could  not  compete  vv^ith  the  mother  country  for  this  carrying 
trade,  but  so  soon  as  the  Onion  was  formed,  the  restriction  was  re- 
sumed, and  laws  were  passed  giving  large  encouragement  to  the  col- 
onists to  embark  in  that  trade.  The  North  was  not  slow  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  these  laws. 

Another  field  for  profitable  enterprise  was  at  the  same  time  opened 
up,  through  the  operations  of  the  tariff  laws,  which  attracted  early 
attention.  The  North  saw  that  if  manufactories  could  be  built  up 
at  home,  the  protection  furnished  by  the  tariff"  law  would  give  them 
a  virtual  monopoly  of  the  domestic  trade  in  manufactures.  They 
had  the  vessels  to  bring  the  raw  material  from  the  South,  where  it 
was  produced — they  had  the  water-power  to  drive  the  machinery — 
they  had  accumulated  capital  in  the  African  slave  trade,  and  now  the 
tariff  laws  gave  them  large  advantages  in  competing  with  foreign 
manufactures.  The  North  eagerly  availed  herself  of  every  favorable 
circumstance,  and  embarked  largely  in  manufacturing.  It  was  not 
difficult  to  procure  such  protective  legislation  as  the  North  claimed 
to  be  necessary,  and  the  Bank  of  the  United  States  was  more  than 
willing  to  contribute  facilities  for  raising  the  capital  needed,  for  en- 
abling the  North  to  do  the  manufacturing  for  the  whole  country. 
This  course  of  trade  b  came  so  firmly  established  before  the  Bank 
was  overthrown,  and  the  high  protective  policy  was  modified,  that 
the  North  has  since  had  but  little  difficulty  in  maintaining  its  ascend- 
ency. 

It  is  not  in  the  power  of  figures  to  convoy  to  the  mind  a  correct 
idea  of  the  advantage  which  the  North  has  enjoyed  over  the  South, 
under  the  influence  of  the  various  laws  Avhich  have  stimulated  and 
controlled  the  employment  of  capital.  Many  Southern  men  saw  and 
protested  against  the  unequal  and  unjust  operation  of  the  system  of 
legislation,  which  was  enriching  one  section  at  the  expense  of  the 
other.  They  struggled  to  resist  the  overwhelming  power  that  was 
combined  against  them,  but  they  struggled  in  vain.     All  they  got 


AND    REPOSITORY    OF   USEFUL   KNOWLEDGE.  175 

for  tlieir  labors  were  the  bitter  denunciations  of  the  North,  as  being 
restless  Disunionists.  All  they  could  do  was  to  submit  to  the  power 
they  could  not  control,  and  glide  into  the  course  of  trade  which  had 
been  the  fixed  habit  of  the  country.  Tt  is  not  surprising  that,  Avith 
such  advantages,  the  North  became  rich,  but  it  is  surprising  that  the 
South  was  able  to  endure  the  heavy  exactions  without  becoming  ab- 
solutely impoverished.  Nothing  can  show  more  clearly  the  real  ca- 
pacity of  the  South  to  become  the  richest  people  in  the  world,  than 
the  facts  which  we  have  detailed. 

Hitherto  the  Sduth  has  done  little  else  than  produce  capital  for 
the  North  to  trade  upon.  We  have  produced  annually  over  four 
hundred  millions  of  raw  materials,  which  have  passed  immediately 
into  the  hands  of  Northern  capitalists,  and  constituted  the  basis  of 
the  wealth  which  they  have  extracted  from  them.  It  has  been 
shown  how  they  have  made  an  annual  profit  of  one  hundred  and 
thirty  millions  in  freighting  our  products,  returning  them  to  us  in 
foreign  goods,  and  in  the  incidental  protection  derived  from  the  tariff 
law.  "  But  this  does  not  embrace  the  millions  made  in  the  way  of 
brokerage,  interest,  commission,  etc.,  and  in  the  management  of  our 
produce.  Nor  does  it  embrace  the  millions  which  we  spend  yearly  in 
travel  in  the  North.  Mr.  Kettell  estimates  that  50,000  Southerners 
go  North  every  year,  and  spend  an  average  of  $1000,  making  the 
total  annual  expenditure  for  travel  of  fifty  millions  of  dollars.  Nor 
does  it  embrace  the  millions  that  we  spend  in  sending  our  sons  and 
daughters  North  to  be  educated.  Nor  does  it  embrace  that  incalcu- 
lable amount  derived  by  the  North  from  the  system  of  banking,  ex- 
changes, and  credits  which  has  made  its  as  financially  dependent  on 
the  North  as  we  have  been  commercially.  It  is  impossible  to  esti- 
mate with  accuracy  these  amounts,  and,  therefore,  I  adopt  the  re- 
sult of  Mr.  Kettell's  investigations.  He  comes  to  the  conclusion 
that  the  South  pays  annually  to  the  North,  for  interest,  brokerage, 
insurance,  travel,  etc.,  about  one  hundred  and  fifteen  millions.  If 
this  be  added  to  the  amount  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  millions,  be- 
fore estimated  as  the  commercial  profits  of  the  North,  it  yields  the 
sum  of  two  hundred  and  forty-five  millions,  derived  annually  by  the 
North  from  her  union  with  the  South.  And  then,  speaking  of  the 
consequences  of  separation  from  the  South,  lie  says : 

"From  what  has  been  detailed  above,  as  revealed  to  us  from  the 
returns  of  the  census,  it  is  quite  apparent  that  the  North,  as  distin- 
guished from  the  South  and  West,  would  be  alone  permanently  in- 
jured. Its  fortune  depends  upon  manufacturing  and  shipping  ;  but 
it  neither  raises  its  own  food  nor  its  own  raw  material,  nor  does  it 
furnish  freights  for  its  own  shipping.  The  South,  on  the  other 
hand,  raises  a  supply  of  food,  and  supplies  the  world  with  raw  ma- 
terials. Lumber,  hides,  cotton,  wool,  indigo— all  that  the  manufac- 
turer requii-es— is  within  its  own  circle.  The  requisite  capital  to  put 
them  into  action  is  rapidly  accumulating,  and  in  the  long  run  it 
would  lose— after  recovering  from  the  first  disasters— nothing  by 
separation." 


176  THE    CONFEDERATE    STATES   ALMANAC. 

Thus  wrote  a  Northern  author.  He  thus  forcibly  concludes  his 
remarks : 

"  The  North  has  no  future  material  resources  ;  in  minerals,  both 
the  other  sections  surpass  it.  In  metals,  it  is  comparatively  desti- 
tute; of  raw  materials,  it  has  none.  Its  ability  to  feed  itself  is 
questionable.  Its  commerce  is  to  the  whole  country  what  that  of 
Holland  was  to  the  world,  viz. :  living  on  the  trade  of  other  people. 
Its  manufactures  occupy  the  same  position,  awaiting  only  the  time 
when  the  other  sections  will  do  their  own  work.  When  that  moment 
arrives,  Massachusetts,  which  now  occupies  the  proudest  rank  in  the 
Union,  will  fall  back  upon  her  own  resources,  and  still  claim  to  be  an 
agricultural  State,  since  her  summer  crop  is  granite,  and  her  winter 
crop  is  ice.  This  period  the  North  supinely  permits  a  few  unscru- 
pulous politicians,  clerical  agitators,  and  reprobate  persons  to 
hasten,  by  the  most  wanton  attacks  upon  institutions  of  their  best 
customers.  They  are  forcing  the  Northern  slave  States  to  assume 
to  the  South  the  same  position  that  New  England  held  to  the  South 
on  the  formation  of  the  Union.  They  are  holding  out  to  them 
the  bright  prize  of  becoming  the  manufacturers,  importers  and  car- 
riers for  the  South,  as  the  North  has  been.  They  oifer  them  this 
brilliant  premium  to  cut  their  connection  with  the  North,  in  order  to 
enjoy  those  branches  of  industry  in  relation  to  the  South  which  have 
conferred  such  wealth  and  prosperity  upon  New  England  and  the 
Middle  States.  England  became  rich  by  the  colonies — repelled 
them.  Her  wealth  fell  on  New  England ;  she  has  now  be- 
come rich,  and  in  her  turn  repels  the  South  in  favor  of  the  Northern 
slave  States.  These  latter  see  the  prize  falling  to  them,  and  may  be- 
come eager  to  grasp  it  before  tho  North  shall  have  awakemed  to  its 
danger," 


H.  C.  CLARKE, 


WHOLESALE  AND  RETAIL 


mi] 


1/ . 


ST-A.TIOKrESI=t 


AND  GENERAL 


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